{"id":1536,"date":"2024-09-13T16:03:09","date_gmt":"2024-09-13T14:03:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.kint.cz\/?p=1536"},"modified":"2025-06-04T18:21:48","modified_gmt":"2025-06-04T16:21:48","slug":"integralni-bezpecnost-definice-pojmu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/de\/integralni-bezpecnost-definice-pojmu\/","title":{"rendered":"2.1 Definice pou\u017eit\u00fdch pojm\u016f \u2013 z pohledu Integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>2.1 Definice pou\u017eit\u00fdch pojm\u016f \u2013 z pohledu Integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti<\/h1>\n<p>Na z\u00e1klad\u011b anal\u00fdzy zdroj\u016f\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/veda-technika\/integralni-bezpecnost\/integral-safety-definice\/pouzita-literatura-pro-clanky-integralni-bezpecnost\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[1-6,8-76]<\/a>\u00a0je d\u00e1le uveden souhrn znalost\u00ed a odkazy vztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se k pou\u017eit\u00fdm term\u00edn\u016fm a k jejich definic\u00edm, pou\u017eit\u00fdm v p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e9 diserta\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci.<\/p>\n<h2>Obsah kapitoly<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/veda-technika\/integralni-bezpecnost-definice-pojmu\/#2-1-definice-pouzitych-pojmu-z-pohledu-integralni-bezpecnosti\">2.1 Definice pou\u017eit\u00fdch pojm\u016f \u2013 z pohledu Integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/veda-technika\/integralni-bezpecnost-definice-pojmu\/#2-1-1-aktiva\">2.1.1 Aktiva<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/veda-technika\/integralni-bezpecnost-definice-pojmu\/#2-1-2-pohromy\">2.1.2 Pohromy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/veda-technika\/integralni-bezpecnost-definice-pojmu\/#2-1-3-riziko-a-kriticnost\">2.1.3 Riziko a kriti\u010dnost<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/veda-technika\/integralni-bezpecnost-definice-pojmu\/#2-1-4-bezpecnost\">2.1.4 Bezpe\u010dnost<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/veda-technika\/integralni-bezpecnost-definice-pojmu\/#2-1-5-bezpeci-lidi-a-integralni-bezpecnost\">2.1.5 Bezpe\u010d\u00ed lid\u00ed a integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/veda-technika\/integralni-bezpecnost-definice-pojmu\/#2-1-6-kriticka-infrastruktura-a-jeji-bezpecnost\">2.1.6 Kritick\u00e1 infrastruktura a jej\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/veda-technika\/integralni-bezpecnost-definice-pojmu\/#2-1-7-moderni-pristupy-all-hazard-approach-a-defence-in-depth\">2.1.7 Modern\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy: All-Hazard-Approach a Defence in Depth<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/veda-technika\/integralni-bezpecnost-definice-pojmu\/#2-1-8-systemy-systemu-so-s-projektove-a-nadprojektove-jevy\">2.1.8 Syst\u00e9my syst\u00e9m\u016f (SoS), projektov\u00e9 a nadprojektov\u00e9 jevy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>2.1.1 Aktiva<br \/>\n<\/h2>\n<p>Aktivem se rozum\u00ed fyzick\u00e1, logick\u00e1 \u010di kybernetick\u00e1 polo\u017eka, kter\u00e1 ur\u010duje strukturu a chov\u00e1n\u00ed sledovan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu [6]. V\u00fdsledky prac\u00ed [1,4] poskytuj\u00ed seznamy identifikovan\u00fdch aktiv modelov\u00e9 stanice metra a syst\u00e9mu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pra\u017esk\u00e9ho metra (tj. lidi, majetek v\u010detn\u011b technologi\u00ed, energetick\u00e9 informa\u010dn\u00ed a materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 toky), a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na z\u00e1klad\u011b anal\u00fdz dokumentace metra [1,4,10,11]. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o otev\u0159en\u00fd syst\u00e9m syst\u00e9m\u016f, je nutn\u00e9 zva\u017eovat mimo technick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti, zva\u017eovan\u00e9 v [1,4] tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed aspekty, tj. nap\u0159\u00edklad organiza\u010dn\u00ed, finan\u010dn\u00ed, funk\u010dn\u00ed, logick\u00e9 vazby, a dal\u0161\u00ed. Pro \u00fa\u010dely dal\u0161\u00edch anal\u00fdz a uva\u017eujeme n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed skupiny aktiv: konstrukce, technika, person\u00e1l, m\u00edsta, funkce, vazby a toky, organizace a ekonomika.<\/p>\n<h2>2.1.2 Pohromy<\/h2>\n<p>P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou rizik jsou pohromy\u00a0<sup data-mfn=\"1\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000023a27fd00000000309589a7_1877\"><a role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000023a27fd00000000309589a7_1877-1\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0(v\u0161eho druhu) , tzv. All-Hazard-Approach [12]) a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b rizik u technologick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f se jedn\u00e1 tak\u00e9 o poruchov\u00e9 stavy v d\u016fsledku n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010di systematick\u00fdch chyb syst\u00e9mu [4,13]. Z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee vznik jedn\u00e9 extr\u00e9mn\u00ed pohromy m\u016f\u017ee vyvolat \u0159et\u011bzec dal\u0161\u00edch pohrom, tj. sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed dopady, i celou kask\u00e1du dopad\u016f. Sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed, terci\u00e1ln\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed dopady jsou ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny jako nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 dopady. Nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 dopady extr\u00e9mn\u00edch pohrom jsou zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny na obr\u00e1zku 1. Obr\u00e1zek 1 ukazuje propojen\u00ed dopad\u016f extr\u00e9mn\u00ed pohromy s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdmi aktivy, kter\u00e9 vyvolaj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed dopady na jin\u00e1 aktiva, tj. nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 dopady, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed tvar kask\u00e1d (tj. kask\u00e1dov\u00fd efekt).<\/p>\n<figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"626\" height=\"470\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/dabd5c91-image.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/dabd5c91-image.png 626w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/dabd5c91-image-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 1: \u00da\u010dinky extr\u00e9mn\u00edch pohrom na ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 aktiva [14].<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Podle velikosti \u0161kod a ztr\u00e1t na ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch aktivech a pravd\u011bpodobnosti v\u00fdskytu, tj. na z\u00e1klad\u011b anal\u00fdzy a vyhodnocen\u00ed rizik pomoc\u00ed metody matice rizik dle [13], lze pohromy v \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti kategorizovat do t\u0159\u00ed kategori\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ol type=\"1\">\n<li><strong><em>Pohromy kritick\u00e9:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0mohou vyvolat na sledovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed nebo jeho \u010d\u00e1sti kritickou situaci, p\u0159i kter\u00e9, podle sou\u010dasn\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 legislativy, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vyhl\u00e1\u0161ena krizov\u00e1 situace, a tud\u00ed\u017e bude t\u0159eba d\u011blat obnovu majetku po krizov\u00e9 situaci. Z pohledu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti je t\u0159eba d\u011blat preventivn\u00ed a zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed v \u00fazemn\u00edm pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed, projektov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u00fdstavb\u011b a provozu ob\u010dansk\u00fdch a technologick\u00fdch objekt\u016f i infrastruktury.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Pohromy specifick\u00e9:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0mohou vyvolat nouzov\u00e9 situace, a proto s nimi mus\u00ed po\u010d\u00edtat odezva a p\u0159ipravenost (opat\u0159en\u00ed na zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed). Z pohledu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti je t\u0159eba d\u011blat preventivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed v \u00fazemn\u00edm pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed, projektov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u00fdstavb\u011b a provozu ob\u010dansk\u00fdch a technologick\u00fdch objekt\u016f i infrastruktury a zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed v r\u00e1mci p\u0159ipravenosti na odezvy.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Pohromy relevantn\u00ed:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed pohromy, kter\u00e9 mohou entitu postihnout a nejsou kritick\u00fdmi ani specifick\u00fdmi. M\u011bly by b\u00fdt zvl\u00e1dnuty b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi standardn\u00edmi prost\u0159edky, tj. prevenc\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bnou v praxi. Z pohledu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti dosavadn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e1 v \u00fazemn\u00edm pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed, projektov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u00fdstavb\u011b a provozu ob\u010dansk\u00fdch a technologick\u00fdch objekt\u016f i infrastruktury jsou dostate\u010dn\u00e1, a tud\u00ed\u017e je nutn\u00e1 jen pravideln\u00e1 kontrola jejich \u00fa\u010dinnosti.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Pro \u00fa\u010dely p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e9 diserta\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce byly pou\u017eit\u00e9 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed pohromy, identifikovan\u00e9 v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci [4] anal\u00fdzou archivn\u00edch dokument\u016f hl. m. Prahy [15]:<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>V\u00fdsledky proces\u016f prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed vn\u011b i uvnit\u0159 Zem\u011b:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0povode\u0148, vich\u0159ice, zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed, ztekucen\u00ed podlo\u017e\u00ed, v\u00fdstup plynu na zemsk\u00fd povrch.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>V\u00fdsledky proces\u016f v lidsk\u00e9m t\u011ble, v chov\u00e1n\u00ed lid\u00ed a proces\u016f v lidsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti:\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>epidemie, pandemie, porucha stability lidsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, \u00fatok, teroristick\u00fd \u00fatok, \u00fatok za pou\u017eit\u00ed chemick\u00fdch, jadern\u00fdch, radiologick\u00fdch a biologick\u00fdch (CBRNE) zbran\u00ed, ozbrojen\u00fd konflikt, v\u00e1lka.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>V\u00fdsledky proces\u016f a \u010dinnost\u00ed instalovan\u00fdch lidmi:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 hav\u00e1rie, hav\u00e1rie p\u0159i p\u0159eprav\u011b \u010di skladov\u00e1n\u00ed nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, hav\u00e1rie p\u0159i doprav\u011b, pohroma v oblasti kritick\u00e9 infrastruktury, pohroma v ekonomice, pohroma v \u00fazemn\u00ed infrastruktu\u0159e, pohroma v kybernetick\u00e9 infrastruktu\u0159e, pohroma v infrastruktu\u0159e slu\u017eeb, z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed a spojen\u00ed, selh\u00e1n\u00ed technologi\u00ed, ztr\u00e1ty obslu\u017enosti.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Interakce planety Zem\u011b a \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed na \u010dinnosti lid\u00ed:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0poru\u0161en\u00ed stability podlo\u017e\u00ed vlivem vibrac\u00ed, kontaminace ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, kontaminace vody, rychl\u00e9 variace klimatu, migrace velk\u00fdch skupin lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Vnit\u0159n\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti v lidsk\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu p\u0159irozen\u00ed nebo lidmi vytvo\u0159en\u00ed:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0organiza\u010dn\u00ed hav\u00e1rie, porucha tok\u016f surovin a v\u00fdrobk\u016f, porucha v toku energi\u00ed, porucha v toku informac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tabulka 1 obsahuje rozd\u011blen\u00ed pohrom, kter\u00e9 jsou relevantn\u00ed pro hl. m. Prahu, do kategori\u00ed, podrobnosti jsou uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci [4]. Tj. zva\u017euje p\u0159\u00edstup All-Hazard-Approach [12,13] a data [15]; detaily jsou v\u00a0prac\u00edch [12,13,16].<\/p>\n<p>Tabulka 1 Rozlo\u017een\u00ed pohrom \u2013 relevantn\u00ed, specifick\u00e9, kritick\u00e9.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Relevantn\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>Specifick\u00e9<\/td>\n<td>Kritick\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\">V\u00fdsledky proces\u016f prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed vn\u011b i uvnit\u0159 Zem\u011b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Povode\u0148<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Vich\u0159ice<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ztekucen\u00ed podlo\u017e\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>V\u00fdstup plynu na zemsk\u00fd povrch<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\">V\u00fdsledky proces\u016f v\u00a0lidsk\u00e9m t\u011ble, v\u00a0chov\u00e1n\u00ed lid\u00ed a proces\u016f v\u00a0lidsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Epidemie<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pandemie<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Porucha stability lidsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kriminalita<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00datok<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teroristick\u00fd \u00fatok<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00datok za pou\u017eit\u00ed chemick\u00fdch, jadern\u00fdch, radiologick\u00fdch a biologick\u00fdch (CNRB) zbran\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ozbrojen\u00fd konflikt<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>V\u00e1lka<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\">V\u00fdsledky proces\u016f a \u010dinnost\u00ed instalovan\u00fdch lidmi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 hav\u00e1rie<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hav\u00e1rie p\u0159i p\u0159eprav\u011b \u010di skladov\u00e1n\u00ed nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hav\u00e1rie p\u0159i doprav\u011b<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pohroma v oblasti kritick\u00e9 infrastruktury<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pohroma v\u00a0ekonomice<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pohroma v \u00fazemn\u00ed infrastruktu\u0159e<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pohroma v kybernetick\u00e9 infrastruktu\u0159e<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pohroma v infrastruktu\u0159e slu\u017eeb, z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed a spojen\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Selh\u00e1n\u00ed technologi\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ztr\u00e1ty obslu\u017enosti<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\">Interakce planety Zem\u011b a \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed na \u010dinnosti lid\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Poru\u0161en\u00ed stability podlo\u017e\u00ed vlivem vibrac\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kontaminaci ovzdu\u0161\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kontaminace vody<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rychl\u00e9 variace klimatu<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Migrace velk\u00fdch skupin lid\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\">Vnit\u0159n\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti v\u00a0lidsk\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu p\u0159irozen\u00e9 nebo lidmi vytvo\u0159en\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Organiza\u010dn\u00ed hav\u00e1rie<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Selh\u00e1n\u00ed tok\u016f surovin a v\u00fdrobk\u016f<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Selh\u00e1n\u00ed tok\u016f energi\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Selh\u00e1n\u00ed tok\u016f informac\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<h2>2.1.3 Riziko a kriti\u010dnost<\/h2>\n<p>Pojem riziko m\u00e1 v mnoha oblastech rozd\u00edln\u00e9 a nejednotn\u00e9 pojet\u00ed, n\u011bkter\u00e9 definice rizika stav\u00ed na pravd\u011bpodobnosti, jin\u00e9 pak na o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 hodnot\u011b nebo nejistoty a neur\u010ditosti [17]. Z hlediska projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a syst\u00e9mu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bylo riziko obecn\u011b definov\u00e1no jako \u201e\u00fa\u010dinek nejistoty\u201c [18]. \u00da\u010dinek nejistoty, pokud dojde k jej\u00ed realizaci, m\u016f\u017ee nab\u00fdvat negativn\u00edch, ale i pozitivn\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed (tj. p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti) [18].<\/p>\n<p>Riziko v in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00fdch oborech, jako je \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed rizik syst\u00e9mu, \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed spolehlivosti a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch rizik,\u00a0<strong><em>vyjad\u0159uje pravd\u011bpodobnou velikost nep\u0159ijateln\u00fdch (tj. ne\u017e\u00e1dan\u00fdch) dopad\u016f (ztr\u00e1t, \u0161kod a \u00fajmy) pohromy o velikosti ohro\u017een\u00ed (tj. potenci\u00e1l pohromy normativn\u011b ur\u010den\u00fd) na chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy (aktiva) za stanoven\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd interval v ur\u010dit\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>[17].<\/p>\n<p>Zdrojem uveden\u00fdch rizik jsou pohromy uveden\u00e9 p\u0159edchoz\u00edm odstavci. Jedn\u00e1 se o rizika pro \u010dlov\u011bka, jeho majetek, \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kritickou infrastrukturu a v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b i pro st\u00e1t. Rizika lze \u010dlenit podle toho, jak\u00e1 jsou pro zv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed rizika zvolen\u00e1 chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 aktiva a zda je sledov\u00e1no jedno chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 aktivum (tj. d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed riziko) \u010di soubor chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch aktiv (integrovan\u00e9 riziko) nebo soubor chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch aktiv a vazby a toky mezi nimi (komplexn\u00ed riziko \/ integr\u00e1ln\u00ed riziko).<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e1le se rizika d\u011bl\u00ed podle toho, jak\u00e9 pohromy, resp. zdroje pohrom, se berou v \u00favahu (pouze n\u011bkter\u00e9 pohromy, \u010d\u00e1st jejich sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f nebo ve\u0161ker\u00e9 relevantn\u00ed pohromy apod.).<\/p>\n<p>V b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 praxi, a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u dopravn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, se po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou s riziky d\u00edl\u010d\u00edmi a integrovan\u00fdmi, kter\u00e1 b\u00fdvaj\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e1 sou\u010dinem pravd\u011bpodobnosti v\u00fdskytu pohromy (resp. incidentu nebo selh\u00e1n\u00ed) \u010di \u010detnosti v\u00fdskytu a velikosti jejich dopad\u016f (ztr\u00e1t, \u0161kod, \u00fajmy) na sledovanou entitu \u010di vybran\u00fd soubor entit. Veli\u010din pro v\u00fdpo\u010det rizika m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dle sledovan\u00e9 oblasti mnoho, ale v\u011bt\u0161inou se jedn\u00e1 o sou\u010din v\u00fd\u0161e dvou uveden\u00fdch. V\u00a0podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch studi\u00edch se zva\u017euje m\u00edra zranitelnosti a n\u011bkdy t\u00e9\u017e m\u00edra ovladatelnosti \u0161kodliv\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti; nap\u0159\u00edklad v oblasti automobilov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu [19].<\/p>\n<p>V ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed rizika (R) tedy pozorujeme mnoho rozd\u00edl\u016f a spole\u010dn\u00e9 je jen to, \u017ee riziko vych\u00e1z\u00ed z obav z nejist\u00e9 budoucnosti [5,17]:<\/p>\n<p>R = \u010detnost \u2219 d\u016fsledky;<\/p>\n<p>R = z\u00e1va\u017enost \u2219 mo\u017enost v\u00fdskytu;<\/p>\n<p>R = ohro\u017een\u00ed (hrozba) \u2219 zranitelnost;<\/p>\n<p>R = ohro\u017een\u00ed (hrozba) \u2219 zranitelnost \u2219 dopady;<\/p>\n<p>R = ohro\u017een\u00ed (hrozba) \u2219 zranitelnost \/ kapacity;<\/p>\n<p>R = (ohro\u017een\u00ed (hrozba) \u2219 zranitelnost) \/ protiopat\u0159en\u00ed \u2219 dopady;<\/p>\n<p>R = f (ohro\u017een\u00ed (hrozba) \u2219 zranitelnost \/ kapacity);<\/p>\n<p>R = f (aktiva (chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd z\u00e1jem) \u2219 ohro\u017een\u00ed (hrozba) \u2219 zranitelnost);<\/p>\n<p>R = \u010detnost \u2219 populace \u2219 zranitelnost.<\/p>\n<p>Pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch technologick\u00fdch celk\u016f nebo za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, je nutn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edtat s komplexn\u00edm rizikem, tj. rizikem integr\u00e1ln\u00edm zalo\u017een\u00e9m na syst\u00e9mov\u00e9m pojet\u00ed reality [2]. Integr\u00e1ln\u00ed riziko zahrnuje v\u00edce chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch aktiv v\u010detn\u011b \u017eivota, zdrav\u00ed a bezpe\u010d\u00ed lid\u00ed, majetku a ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho blaha, \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed i technologi\u00ed a infrastruktur a zahrnuje i vliv propojen\u00ed mezi uveden\u00fdmi chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdmi aktivy (anglicky interdependences) [4,17].<\/p>\n<p>Integr\u00e1ln\u00ed riziko ozna\u010den\u00e9 jako\u00a0<strong><em>R<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je pro v\u0161echny pohromy v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed dan\u00e9 vztahem [17]:<\/p>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"2.1 Definice pou\u017eit\u00fdch pojm\u016f - z pohledu Integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti 2\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/stateless-www-kint-cz\/2023\/08\/de1136ef-image.png\" alt=\"de1136ef image\" width=\"150\" height=\"51\" data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/stateless-www-kint-cz\/2023\/08\/de1136ef-image.png\" data-was-processed=\"true\" \/><figcaption>(1)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><em>R<sub>k<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0vyjad\u0159uje riziko pro k-tou pohromu:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2)<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>P<sub>k<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0ozna\u010duje pravd\u011bpodobnost v\u00fdskytu k-t\u00e9 pohromy a\u00a0<strong><em>D<sub>i,k<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0dopad k-t\u00e9 pohromy na i-t\u00fd chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd z\u00e1jem. Podobn\u00e9 vztahy jsou aplikovan\u00e9 i pro integrovan\u00e9 riziko, ov\u0161em s\u00a0t\u00edm rozd\u00edlem, \u017ee dopady\u00a0<strong><em>D<sub>i,k<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0pro riziko integr\u00e1ln\u00ed zahrnuj\u00ed mimo p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 dopady\u00a0<strong><em>DD<sub>i,k<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0i dopady nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 (sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed, terci\u00e1ln\u00ed a v\u00edce)\u00a0<strong><em>DI<sub>i,k<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>, jejich\u017e vztahy jsou dle zdroje [19] n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0(3)<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>V<sub>i<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je hodnota chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9ho z\u00e1jmu,\u00a0<strong><em>S<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je sledovan\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed \u010di objekt,\u00a0<strong><em>Z<sub>i,k<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je zranitelnost i-t\u00e9ho chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9ho z\u00e1jmu p\u0159i k-t\u00e9 pohrom\u011b,\u00a0<strong><em>I<sub>i,k<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je funkce vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch vazeb (interdependences). Vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 vazby z\u00e1vis\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed struktu\u0159e chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch z\u00e1jm\u016f v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed a konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch propojen\u00ed chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch z\u00e1jm\u016f a na pohrom\u011b, tj. dle [17]:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (4)<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>VD<sub>k<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je charakteristika m\u00edry k-t\u00e9 pohromy, kter\u00e1 ovliv\u0148uje dopady na chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 aktiva.\u00a0<strong><em>VP<sub>i,k<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0charakteristika m\u00edry vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 propojitelnosti chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch z\u00e1jm\u016f v\u00a0dan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Stanoven\u00ed\u00a0<strong><em>VP<sub>i,k<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je p\u0159edm\u011btem podrobn\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu na z\u00e1klad\u011b Booleovsk\u00e9 logiky nebo p\u0159i slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vazeb na z\u00e1klad\u011b metod opera\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy [17,19,20].<\/p>\n<p>Pro technick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my [21] plat\u00ed vztah:<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (5)<\/p>\n<p>ve kter\u00e9m\u00a0<strong><em>H<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je ohro\u017een\u00ed spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0danou pohromou v m\u00edst\u011b objektu;\u00a0<strong><em>A<sub>i\u00a0<\/sub><\/em><\/strong><sub>\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0jsou hodnoty sledovan\u00fdch aktiv pro\u00a0<strong><em>i<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0= 1,2,\u2026, n;\u00a0<strong><em>Z<sub>i<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0jsou zranitelnosti aktiv pro\u00a0<strong><em>i<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0= 1,2,\u2026, n;\u00a0<strong><em>F<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je ztr\u00e1tov\u00e1 funkce;\u00a0<strong><em>P<sub>i<\/sub>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>jsou pravd\u011bpodobnosti v\u00fdskytu po\u0161kozen\u00ed aktiv pro\u00a0<strong><em>i<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0= 1,2,\u2026, n \u2013 jde o podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 pravd\u011bpodobnosti;\u00a0<strong><em>O<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0zranitelnost ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed;\u00a0<strong><em>S<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0velikost sledovan\u00e9ho objektu;<strong><em>\u00a0t<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je \u010das m\u011b\u0159en\u00fd od vzniku \u0161kodliv\u00e9ho jevu;\u00a0<strong><em>T<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je \u010das, po kter\u00fd vznikaj\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty; a\u00a0<strong><em>t<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 je perioda opakov\u00e1n\u00ed pohromy. Jeliko\u017e nen\u00ed obvykle zn\u00e1ma ztr\u00e1tov\u00e1 funkce, tak se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e selh\u00e1n\u00ed a k\u00a0ocen\u011bn\u00ed rizika se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed multikriteri\u00e1ln\u00ed metody; obvykle syst\u00e9my pro podporu rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed [22].<\/p>\n<p>Z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch znalost\u00ed a vzhledem ke komplexnosti (slo\u017eitosti) syst\u00e9m\u016f je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee\u00a0<strong><em>integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost lze zvy\u0161ovat<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0pouze p\u0159i zva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed integr\u00e1ln\u00edch rizik, kter\u00e9 nezva\u017euj\u00ed pouze sou\u010det d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch rizik, ale po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed i s\u00a0vazbami a toky mezi aktivy [13].<\/p>\n<p>Pro \u00fa\u010dely \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti se\u00a0<strong><em>kriti\u010dnost\u00ed aktiva<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0(K) rozum\u00ed funkce d\u016fle\u017eitosti a zranitelnosti sledovan\u00e9ho aktiva nebo i cel\u00e9 entity vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e1 sou\u010dinem [13,17]:<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>K = d\u016fle\u017eitost \u2219 zranitelnost<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(6)<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Kriti\u010dnost s\u00a0ohledem na jistou pohromu<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0lze vyj\u00e1d\u0159it vztahem<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>C = S \u2219 O \u2219 B<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(7)<\/p>\n<p>ve kter\u00e9m\u00a0<strong><em>S\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>je z\u00e1va\u017enost nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho dopadu pohromy (\u0161kodliv\u00e9ho jevu),\u00a0<strong><em>O<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobnost v\u00fdskytu pohromy a\u00a0<strong><em>B\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee se vyskytne nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dopad [13,23].<\/p>\n<p>Riziko, jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno v\u00a0\u00favodu tohoto odstavce, se odkazuje na \u00fa\u010dinek nejistoty, tj. jak \u010dasto (resp. pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b) dojde k jak rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdm ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m. Sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm rizika sni\u017eujeme \u010detnost v\u00fdskytu nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti (pokud je to v\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed moci) nebo jej\u00ed dopady. Riziko t\u00edmto souvis\u00ed s\u00a0bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed, ale nen\u00ed j\u00edm bezpe\u010dnost definov\u00e1na. Kriti\u010dnost se vztahuje na mezn\u00ed (prahovou) hodnotu mezi dv\u011bma stavy, v\u00a0oblasti bezpe\u010dnosti jde o ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed (nebezpe\u010d\u00ed) a \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed (bezpe\u010d\u00ed). Sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm kriti\u010dnosti, tj. prahov\u00e9 hodnoty mezi nebezpe\u010d\u00ed a bezpe\u010d\u00ed, zvy\u0161ujeme stavov\u00fd prostor syst\u00e9mu v\u00a0bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 oblasti, tj. zvy\u0161ujeme bezpe\u010dnost. Proto je kriti\u010dnost komplement\u00e1rn\u00ed veli\u010dinou k\u00a0bezpe\u010dnosti, i kdy\u017e je kriti\u010dnost d\u016fsledkem rizikov\u00fdch faktor\u016f a m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt s\u00a0rizikem stejn\u00e9 vstupn\u00ed parametry (nap\u0159. zranitelnost) [27].<\/p>\n<h2>2.1.4 Bezpe\u010dnost<\/h2>\n<p>V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 praxi se pojmu bezpe\u010dnost p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1 n\u011bkolik r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fdznam\u016f. V dopravn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech je pojem bezpe\u010dnost spojov\u00e1n s: ochranou lid\u00ed bez zv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed vazeb se syst\u00e9mem; odolnost\u00ed syst\u00e9mu proti naru\u0161en\u00ed n\u011bjakou nep\u0159\u00edznivou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed (pohromou); nebo proti vnit\u0159n\u00edm chyb\u00e1m. Ve spojen\u00ed s ochrann\u00fdmi, resp. zabezpe\u010dovac\u00edmi syst\u00e9my je bezpe\u010dnost ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako tzv. funk\u010dn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost, tj. realizace bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 funkce nebo procesu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159edv\u00eddan\u00fdch situac\u00ed [24]. Ve skute\u010dnosti maj\u00ed zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy stejn\u00fd c\u00edl, chr\u00e1nit zdrav\u00ed a \u017eivoty lid\u00ed, a zajistit rozvoj lidsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, tj. v\u0161echny v\u00fdznamy jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 v\u0161echny slu\u010duje dohromady.<\/p>\n<p>Syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnost v kontextu integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je syst\u00e9m chr\u00e1n\u011bn proti intern\u00edm i extern\u00edm pohrom\u00e1m, v\u010detn\u011b lidsk\u00e9ho faktoru, tj. syst\u00e9m m\u00e1 dostate\u010dnou odolnost a p\u0159izp\u016fsobivost v\u016f\u010di o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m. Bezpe\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m nav\u00edc nesm\u00ed neohrozit sv\u00e9 okol\u00ed ani v jeho kritick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch [20,25,26,27], Obr\u00e1zek 2 dle [20].<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 dopady poruch syst\u00e9m\u016f zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00e9 na obr\u00e1zku 2 se projev\u00ed u dal\u0161\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f jako pohroma v jejich okol\u00ed, v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vznik\u00e1 z\u0159et\u011bzen\u00ed pohrom, tj. kask\u00e1dov\u00fd efekt.<\/p>\n<p><a>Obr\u00e1zek\u00a0<\/a>2. Vztah mezi bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed a zabezpe\u010den\u00edm syst\u00e9mu [20].<\/p>\n<p>Pojem bezpe\u010dnost (Safety) dle sou\u010dasn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed znamen\u00e1 soubor prost\u0159edk\u016f a opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00fdmi lidstvo zaji\u0161\u0165uje svoje bezpe\u010d\u00ed (angl. Security) a udr\u017eiteln\u00fd rozvoj (angl. Sustainable Development). Na obr\u00e1zku 3 je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn koncept zac\u00edlen\u00fd na bezpe\u010d\u00ed, tj. na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed c\u00edl; nejde jen o sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rizika, ale o zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed bezpe\u010d\u00ed lid\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch aktiv, na kter\u00fdch jsou lid\u00e9 z\u00e1visl\u00ed [27].<\/p>\n<p><a>Obr\u00e1zek\u00a0<\/a>3. Vztah mezi bezpe\u010d\u00edm a bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed, jako n\u00e1strojem k zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010d\u00ed [27].<\/p>\n<p>Z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee bezpe\u010dnost a riziko sice spolu souvis\u00ed, ale nejsou komplement\u00e1rn\u00edmi veli\u010dinami, proto\u017ee bezpe\u010dnost lze zv\u00fd\u0161it i organiza\u010dn\u00edmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi, kter\u00fdmi velikost rizika neovlivn\u00edme. K bezpe\u010dnosti je komplement\u00e1rn\u00ed veli\u010dinou kriti\u010dnost.\u00a0<strong><em>Sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm kriti\u010dnosti zvy\u0161ujeme bezpe\u010dnost sledovan\u00e9ho objektu<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2>2.1.5 Bezpe\u010d\u00ed lid\u00ed a integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost<\/h2>\n<p><strong><em>Bezpe\u010d\u00ed lid\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0(anglicky Human Security), jeho\u017e zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je c\u00edlem \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti, je t\u00e9ma zn\u00e1m\u00e9 od po\u010d\u00e1tku lidstva, nicm\u00e9n\u011b je tento pojem v oblasti bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch v\u011bd definov\u00e1n teprve ned\u00e1vno. Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f definovala Bezpe\u010d\u00ed lid\u00ed jako koncept, kter\u00fd znamen\u00e1:<\/p>\n<p>\u201e\u2026 ochra\u0148ovat nezbytn\u00fd z\u00e1klad v\u0161ech lidsk\u00fdch \u017eivot\u016f takov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd lidi obohat\u00ed o jejich svobodu a seberealizaci. Bezpe\u010d\u00ed lid\u00ed znamen\u00e1 chr\u00e1nit z\u00e1klady svobod \u2013 svobod, kter\u00e9 jsou podstatou \u017eivota. To znamen\u00e1 chr\u00e1nit lidi p\u0159ed kritick\u00fdmi (z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdmi) a v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdmi (rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdmi) hrozbami a situacemi, To znamen\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvat procesy, kter\u00e9 stav\u00ed na lidsk\u00fdch siln\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch a touh\u00e1ch. To znamen\u00e1 vytv\u00e1\u0159et politick\u00e9, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed, environment\u00e1ln\u00ed, ekonomick\u00e9, vojensk\u00e9 a kulturn\u00ed syst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u011b pro lidi poskytuj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed stavebn\u00ed kameny pro jejich\u00a0p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed, ob\u017eivu a d\u016fstojnost\u2026 \u201e [8].<\/p>\n<p>Jedn\u00e1 se tedy p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o zm\u011bnu p\u0159\u00edstupu od pouh\u00e9 ochrany st\u00e1tu p\u0159ed hrozbami nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edstupu, kter\u00fd klade d\u016fraz na \u017eivoty lid\u00ed a jejich ochranu p\u0159ed dal\u0161\u00edmi zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi hrozbami. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed oblasti konceptu \u201eBezpe\u010d\u00ed lid\u00ed a jejich hrozby\u201c jsou dle OSN n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed [8]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>zabezpe\u010den\u00ed ekonomiky (p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed b\u00edda, nezam\u011bstnanost),<\/li>\n<li>zabezpe\u010den\u00ed potravin (hlad, hladomor),<\/li>\n<li>zabezpe\u010den\u00ed zdrav\u00ed (smrteln\u00e9 infek\u010dn\u00ed choroby, nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 j\u00eddlo, podv\u00fd\u017eiva, pochyben\u00ed v z\u00e1kladn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di),<\/li>\n<li>zabezpe\u010den\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (environment\u00e1ln\u00ed degradace, \u00fabytek zdroj\u016f, \u017eiveln\u00ed pohromy, zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed),<\/li>\n<li>osobn\u00ed zabezpe\u010den\u00ed (fyzick\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed, kriminalita, terorismus, dom\u00e1c\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed, t\u00fdr\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed),<\/li>\n<li>politick\u00e9 zabezpe\u010den\u00ed (inter-etnikum, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00e9 na identit\u011b),<\/li>\n<li>zabezpe\u010den\u00ed politiky (politick\u00e1 represe, zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z hlediska ekonomick\u00e9ho zabezpe\u010den\u00ed klade koncept Bezpe\u010d\u00ed lid\u00ed d\u016fraz na obnovu (rehabilitaci) dopravy a dopravn\u00edch cest. Doprava podmi\u0148uje \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 pln\u011bn\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch oblast\u00ed zabezpe\u010den\u00ed, tj. konceptu Bezpe\u010d\u00ed lid\u00ed, z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u016f\u017ee naopak p\u0159edm\u011bt jednotliv\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f vlastn\u00edmi chybami a slabinami po\u0161kodit. Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee doprava a dopravn\u00ed syst\u00e9m vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nov\u00e9 hrozby, kter\u00fdmi jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vliv na \u017eivoty a zdrav\u00ed lid\u00ed a majetek [19].<\/p>\n<p>St\u00e1ty zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed bezpe\u010d\u00ed lid\u00ed a jednotliv\u00e9 c\u00edle zabezpe\u010den\u00ed pomoc\u00ed tzv. hlavn\u00edch funkc\u00ed st\u00e1tu. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0prost\u0159edk\u016f je infrastruktura [2]. Zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce je infrastruktura dopravn\u00ed a souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kritick\u00e1 infrastruktura (nap\u0159\u00edklad kritick\u00e1 informa\u010dn\u00ed infrastruktura).<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1strojem k zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010d\u00ed lid\u00ed je\u00a0<strong><em>integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost<\/em><\/strong>, kter\u00e1 je zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1na r\u016fzn\u00fdmi druhy bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch metod a technologi\u00ed. Zast\u0159e\u0161uje dal\u0161\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00e9 oblasti, jako jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed spolehlivosti, funk\u010dn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost, zabezpe\u010den\u00ed kyber-fyzick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, technick\u00e9 i fyzick\u00e9 zabezpe\u010den\u00ed, ostraha, bezpe\u010dnost pr\u00e1ce, zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho m\u00edsta, bezpe\u010dnost lid\u00ed aj. Integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed v\u00edce aktiv ve sledovan\u00e9 oblasti, kter\u00e9 navz\u00e1jem interaguj\u00ed, jsou vz\u00e1jemn\u011b prov\u00e1zan\u00e9 a maj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy vazeb s nad\u0159azen\u00fdmi a okoln\u00edmi syst\u00e9my. Koncept integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti z\u00e1rove\u0148 zva\u017euje v\u00fdskyt v\u0161ech mo\u017en\u00fdch zdroj\u016f ohro\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e1 mohou sledovanou entitu postihnout [2]. \u0158\u00edzen\u00ed integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti pracuje s \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm integr\u00e1ln\u00edch rizik [19].<\/p>\n<p>Re\u00e1ln\u00fd sv\u011bt, kter\u00fd vn\u00edm\u00e1me, nen\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed, a proto kv\u016fli nedokonalostem a rozd\u00edlnostem v n\u011bm vznikaj\u00ed konflikty. Konflikty vznikaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 v jednotliv\u00fdch oblastech zabezpe\u010den\u00ed, bezpe\u010dnosti i mezioborov\u00fdch kontextech. D\u016fsledkem je, \u017ee zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm zabezpe\u010deni jednoho prvku sledovan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu m\u016f\u017eeme nep\u0159\u00edmou \u00fam\u011brou zhor\u0161ovat bezpe\u010dnost prvku druh\u00e9ho, t\u00edm ovliv\u0148ujeme integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost i celkov\u00e9 bezpe\u010d\u00ed lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee pro to, aby byla zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost, nesta\u010d\u00ed zvy\u0161ovat bezpe\u010dnost nebo zabezpe\u010den\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch prvk\u016f syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00e9 sv\u00fdmi vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdmi vazbami tvo\u0159\u00ed komplexn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, ale mus\u00edme zajistit efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed syst\u00e9m \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00fd je schopen se se slo\u017eitost\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho sv\u011bta co nejl\u00e9pe vypo\u0159\u00e1dat [19].<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je zalo\u017een\u00e9 na procesn\u00edm a projektov\u00e9m \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jejich\u017e c\u00edlem je neust\u00e1l\u00e9 zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality a zachov\u00e1n\u00ed jist\u00e9 m\u00edry bezpe\u010dnosti syst\u00e9m\u016f p\u0159i dynamicky se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho sv\u011bta (okoln\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed podm\u00ednky, vazby s\u00a0jin\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my, zm\u011bna kultury a chov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotlivc\u016f \u010di skupin lid\u00ed apod.). V\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch Evropsk\u00e9 unie se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 projektov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed typu tzv. \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed celkov\u00e9 jakosti (angl. Total Quality Management, d\u00e1le jen TQM) [28]. Pro jeho \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nost byly vytvo\u0159eny ISO normy t\u0159\u00eddy 9000, 14000 apod.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edstup TQM spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 na po\u017eadavku, \u017ee na procesu zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality entity se pod\u00edl\u00ed v\u0161ichni zam\u011bstnanci, od \u0159adov\u00fdch zam\u011bstnanc\u016f a\u017e po nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed pracovn\u00edky entity. Proces zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti (tj. v jeho nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni jde de facto o zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti) vych\u00e1z\u00ed z impuls\u016f, kter\u00e9 vych\u00e1z\u00ed z pot\u0159eb z\u00e1kazn\u00edka, respektive ob\u010dana [29,30]. TQM vych\u00e1z\u00ed z p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee trval\u00e1 kvalita (jakost) v\u00fdrobk\u016f a slu\u017eeb se ned\u00e1 zajistit p\u0159\u00edkazy, kontrolou, d\u00edl\u010d\u00edmi programy, organiza\u010dn\u00edmi nebo ekonomick\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi, ale c\u00edlen\u00fdm hled\u00e1n\u00edm, m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm a hodnocen\u00edm p\u0159\u00ed\u010din toho, pro\u010d se produktivita a kvalita nezvy\u0161uje; de facto jde o jistou kulturu bezpe\u010dnosti (jin\u00fdmi slovy zp\u016fsobu aplikace opat\u0159en\u00ed a \u010dinnost\u00ed lid\u00ed). Pozornost se zam\u011b\u0159uje na procesy prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed v entit\u011b. P\u0159i implementaci TQM se p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na specifika entity, proto\u017ee z d\u016fvodu \u00fa\u010dinnosti v\u0161echna opat\u0159en\u00ed mus\u00ed odpov\u00eddat struktu\u0159e entity, tj. mus\u00ed b\u00fdt m\u00edstn\u011b specifick\u00e1 [19,30].<\/p>\n<p>Nav\u00edc od standardizovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (ISO normy), kter\u00e9 jsou na principech TQM zalo\u017eeny, TQM zahrnuje i principy a postoje k \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u011bkk\u00fdch socio-technick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, s\u00a0jednoduch\u00fdmi idealizovan\u00fdmi c\u00edli tak, aby byli pochopen\u00e9 ve\u0161ker\u00fdm dot\u010den\u00fdm person\u00e1lem, respektive obyvateli v uva\u017eovan\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b. Z\u00a0hlediska bezpe\u010dnosti TQM buduje tzv. syst\u00e9my celkov\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti (z angli\u010dtiny Total Safety Systems, zkr\u00e1cen\u011b TSS). TSS zav\u00e1d\u00ed koncept nulov\u00fdch rizik (angl. Zero Risks), kter\u00fd je z\u00e1kladem pro n\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed strategie nulov\u00fdch defekt\u016f (angl. Zero Defects) a d\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed tzv. hned napoprv\u00e9 (angl. Right First Time).<\/p>\n<p>Za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00edm specifick\u00e9 prevence do bezpe\u010dnosti u socio-technick\u00fdch element\u016f organiza\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f zahrnuje porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f tzv. syst\u00e9mu celkov\u00e9 prevence (angl. Total Prevention Systems \u2013 TPS), kter\u00e9 zahrnuj\u00ed principy nulov\u00e9 poruchy (angl. Zero Breakdown), a syst\u00e9mu rozvoje lid\u00ed (angl. Human Development System), kter\u00fd je ur\u010den ke vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a tr\u00e9ningu pracovn\u00edk\u016f k\u00a0uveden\u00e9mu principu \u201ehned napoprv\u00e9\u201c [28]. Uveden\u00e9 syst\u00e9my celkov\u00e9 prevence zahrnuj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad implementaci zn\u00e1m\u00e9 \u00fadr\u017eby celkov\u00e9ho provozu (angl. Total Operation Maintenance) [28] apod.<\/p>\n<p>Celkov\u011b (integr\u00e1ln\u011b) bezpe\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m zahrnuje t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed elementy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>bezpe\u010dnost m\u00edsta (dispozice, \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00edch aspekt\u016f, nouzov\u00e9 postupy, protipo\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed prvn\u00ed pomoci, osv\u011btlen\u00ed, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1zem\u00ed a jin\u00e9),<\/li>\n<li>bezpe\u010dnost proces\u016f (fyzick\u00e1 ostraha, prvky nouzov\u00e9ho zastaven\u00ed, principy \u201esel\u017ei bezpe\u010dn\u011b\u201c, ochrana perimetru),<\/li>\n<li>bezpe\u010dnost lidsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f (bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed \u0161kolen\u00ed, osobn\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 pom\u016fcky, dohled, zdravotn\u00ed prohl\u00eddky).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>EU vydala kontroln\u00ed seznam, ve velk\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro inspekce, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed t\u0159i v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 oblasti [2]. Syst\u00e9m TQM spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0TSS v\u00a0mnoha oblastech v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159esahuje legislativn\u00ed po\u017eadavky platn\u00e9 v \u010cR. Pro \u00fa\u010dely zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem p\u0159edstaven\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed rizika, pomoc\u00ed proaktivn\u00edch program\u016f s\u00a0neust\u00e1l\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm a eliminac\u00ed ji\u017e tzv. skoro-nehod (angl. Near-misses). Skoro-nehody jsou ud\u00e1losti, kter\u00e9 na z\u00e1klad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed by obvykle vedly k\u00a0nehod\u011b nebo hav\u00e1rii, ale v\u00a0dan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b k\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu probl\u00e9mu nedo\u0161lo, nap\u0159. z\u00a0d\u016fvodu duchap\u0159\u00edtomnosti obsluhy [19,21,28].<\/p>\n<p>Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 trendy v\u00a0oblasti bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch v\u011bd a in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed rizika jsou zalo\u017een\u00e9 na principech in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed rizik, a to s\u00a0uv\u00e1\u017een\u00edm slo\u017eitosti syst\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e1 vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z\u00a0podstaty, vlastnost\u00ed a neur\u010ditost\u00ed socio-technick\u00fdch, kyber-fyzick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, ozna\u010dovan\u00fdch jako syst\u00e9my syst\u00e9m\u016f (z angli\u010dtiny zkr\u00e1cen\u011b SoS) [2,19,26,30,31].<\/p>\n<h2>2.1.6 Kritick\u00e1 infrastruktura a jej\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost<\/h2>\n<p>Kritick\u00e1 infrastruktura je z hlediska Sm\u011brnice rady 2008\/114\/ES o ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed a ozna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed evropsk\u00fdch kritick\u00fdch infrastruktur a o posouzen\u00ed pot\u0159eby zv\u00fd\u0161it jejich ochranu [32] definov\u00e1na jako: \u201eProst\u0159edky, syst\u00e9my a jejich \u010d\u00e1sti nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se v \u010dlensk\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro zachov\u00e1n\u00ed nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch spole\u010densk\u00fdch funkc\u00ed, zdrav\u00ed, bezpe\u010dnosti, zabezpe\u010den\u00ed nebo dobr\u00fdch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch \u010di soci\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek obyvatel a jejich\u017e naru\u0161en\u00ed nebo zni\u010den\u00ed by m\u011blo pro \u010dlensk\u00fd st\u00e1t z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd dopad v d\u016fsledku selh\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto funkc\u00ed\u201c. Dle zdroje [33] lze jin\u00fdmi slovy kritickou infrastrukturu definovat jako syst\u00e9my r\u016fzn\u00e9 povahy (technick\u00e9, organiza\u010dn\u00ed, kybernetick\u00e9, \u00fazemn\u00ed, vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed atd.), kter\u00e9 mohou m\u00edt vliv na fungov\u00e1n\u00ed ekonomiky, st\u00e1tu a na zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed nouzov\u00fdch a kritick\u00fdch situac\u00ed. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice je kritick\u00e1 infrastruktura slo\u017eena z infrastruktur rozd\u011blen\u00fdch do n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch dev\u00edti oblast\u00ed [33]:<\/p>\n<ol type=\"1\">\n<li>Dod\u00e1vky energie (elektrick\u00e9, plyn, teplo, olej a ropn\u00e9 produkty).<\/li>\n<li>Voda (zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pitn\u00e9 a u\u017eitkov\u00e9 vody, zabezpe\u010den\u00ed a spr\u00e1va povrchov\u00fdch i podzemn\u00edch vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f, syst\u00e9m odpadn\u00edch vod).<\/li>\n<li>Z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed potravinami a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed (v\u00fdroba potravin, p\u00e9\u010de o potraviny, zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 produkce).<\/li>\n<li>Zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de (p\u0159ednemocni\u010dn\u00ed neodkladn\u00e1 p\u00e9\u010de, nemocni\u010dn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de, ochrana ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed, v\u00fdroba, skladov\u00e1n\u00ed a distribuce farmaceutick\u00fdch produkt\u016f a zdravotn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed).<\/li>\n<li>Doprava (silni\u010dn\u00ed, \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed, leteck\u00e1 a vodn\u00ed).<\/li>\n<li>Kybernetick\u00e9, komunika\u010dn\u00ed a informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my (pevn\u00e9 a mobiln\u00ed telekomunika\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 slu\u017eby, r\u00e1diov\u00e1 komunikace a navigace, televizn\u00ed a satelitn\u00ed komunikace, po\u0161ta a z\u00e1silkov\u00e9 slu\u017eby, internet a datov\u00e9 slu\u017eby).<\/li>\n<li>Bankovnictv\u00ed a finan\u010dn\u00ed sektor (spr\u00e1va ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch financ\u00ed, bankovnictv\u00ed, poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, kapit\u00e1lov\u00fd trh).<\/li>\n<li>Z\u00e1chrann\u00fd syst\u00e9m (Hasi\u010dsk\u00fd z\u00e1chrann\u00fd sbor \u010cR, jednotky po\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed ochrany, Policie \u010cR, Arm\u00e1da \u010cR, monitoring radiace, p\u0159edpov\u011bdi, varovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m apod.).<\/li>\n<li>Ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 spr\u00e1va (st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1va a samospr\u00e1va, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed zabezpe\u010den\u00ed a zam\u011bstnanost, statn\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed podpora a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed pomoc, v\u00fdkon soudn\u00edho a v\u011bze\u0148sk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Oblast kritick\u00e9 infrastruktury upravuje krizov\u00fd z\u00e1kon [34]. Objektem neboli prvkem kritick\u00e9 infrastruktury se rozum\u00ed stavba, za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, prost\u0159edek nebo ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 infrastruktura, ur\u010den\u00e1 podle pr\u016f\u0159ezov\u00fdch a odv\u011btvov\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, tj. dle [35]. Z hlediska dr\u00e1\u017en\u00edho syst\u00e9mu jsou objektem kritick\u00e9 infrastruktury nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed, stanice metra, v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 mosty \u010di tunely, technologick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a informa\u010dn\u00ed, materi\u00e1lov\u00e9, energetick\u00e9 toky v syst\u00e9mech, a to podle metodiky ur\u010den\u00ed kriti\u010dnosti objekt\u016f dle zdroje [33].<\/p>\n<p>Ochrana zdrav\u00ed a majetku lid\u00ed je p\u0159edn\u00edm z\u00e1jmem z\u00e1kladn\u00ed funkce st\u00e1tu zakotven\u00e9 v \u00dastav\u011b \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky (z\u00e1kon \u010d. 1\/1993 Sb.). Mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdskyty pohrom mohou ovlivnit nejen spr\u00e1vnou funkci prvku kritick\u00e9 infrastruktury, ale takt\u00e9\u017e mohou ohrozit zdrav\u00ed a majetek lid\u00ed i \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Proto se podle kategorie pohromy, uveden\u00e9 v p\u0159edchoz\u00edm odstavci, prov\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed [4,13,33].<\/p>\n<h2>2.1.7 Modern\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy: All-Hazard-Approach a Defence in Depth<\/h2>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edstup\u00a0<strong><em>All-Hazard-Approach\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>[12] znamen\u00e1 zva\u017eovat p\u0159i \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti v\u0161echny mo\u017en\u00e9 druhy pohrom, tj. jev\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou zp\u016fsobit \u0161kody, ztr\u00e1ty a \u00fajmy sledovan\u00fdm aktiv\u016fm, tj. lidem i p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm entit\u00e1m v dan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed [2].<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Defence-In-Depth<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0(ochrana do hloubky) je komplexn\u00ed filozofie zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 se za\u010dala v\u00a0technologii aplikovat v 80. letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed [27]. V obecn\u00e9 rovin\u011b lze tento p\u0159\u00edstup ch\u00e1pat jako ochranu syst\u00e9mu za pomoc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed ve v\u00edce vrstv\u00e1ch syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n<p>Na z\u00e1klad\u011b [36] Defence-In-Depth p\u0159edstavuje komplexn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup, kter\u00fd zaji\u0161\u0165uje, \u017ee lid\u00e9 i \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed budou ochr\u00e1n\u011bny i p\u0159i kritick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch v objektu. Zahrnuje v\u0161echny \u010dinnosti zac\u00edlen\u00e9 na bezpe\u010dnost objektu i \u00fazem\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m se objekt nach\u00e1z\u00ed, a to po\u010d\u00ednaje um\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm, p\u0159es navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed a projektov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u00fdstavbu, konstrukci, uveden\u00ed do provozu, provoz a odstaven\u00ed objektu z provozu. Pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu syst\u00e9m\u016f se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed syst\u00e9my bari\u00e9r a re\u017eimov\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edstup Defence-In-Depth je zn\u00e1m\u00fd tak\u00e9 v kybernetice a zabezpe\u010den\u00ed \u0159\u00eddic\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f nap\u0159. dle [37], obr\u00e1zek 4.<\/p>\n<p>Obr\u00e1zek 4 zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje p\u0159\u00edstup Defence-In-Depth jako strategii pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zabezpe\u010den\u00ed zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed oblasti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>sm\u011brnice pro zabezpe\u010den\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>specifikace po\u017eadavk\u016f na zabezpe\u010den\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>zabezpe\u010den\u00ed pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1vrhu (designu),<\/li>\n<li>zabezpe\u010den\u00e1 implementace,<\/li>\n<li>verifikace a validace zabezpe\u010den\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>strategie Defence-In-Depth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Zobecn\u011bn\u00fd vrstvov\u00fd model pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti podle p\u0159\u00edstupu Defence-In-Depth, pou\u017eit\u00fd v diserta\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci, je pops\u00e1n d\u00e1le v\u00a0odstavci 2.3.4.<\/p>\n<h2>2.1.8 Syst\u00e9my syst\u00e9m\u016f (SoS), projektov\u00e9 a nadprojektov\u00e9 jevy<\/h2>\n<p><strong><em>Syst\u00e9m syst\u00e9m\u016f (SoS)<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je v\u00a0oblasti syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed [38] definov\u00e1n jako mno\u017eina nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, integrovan\u00fdch do v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd poskytuje unik\u00e1tn\u00ed vlastnosti. Nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 tzv. slo\u017ekov\u00e9 (angl. constituent) syst\u00e9my spolupracuj\u00ed na produkci glob\u00e1ln\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nemohou sami produkovat. V\u00a0souladu se zdrojem [39] se klasick\u00e9 pojet\u00ed syst\u00e9mu a SoS li\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch elementech:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>autonomie \u2013\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>autonomie je vykon\u00e1v\u00e1na slo\u017ekov\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my, aby splnila \u00fa\u010del glob\u00e1ln\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, tj. SoS,<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost \u2013\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>jednotliv\u00e9 slo\u017ekov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my vol\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost dle pom\u011bru n\u00e1klad\u016f a p\u0159\u00ednos\u016f, kv\u016fli napln\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edho \u00fa\u010delu a ve v\u00ed\u0159e v\u00a0supra-\u00fa\u010del SoS; u klasick\u00e9ho pojet\u00ed syst\u00e9mu je p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost dan\u00e1 dle jejich povahy a nem\u016f\u017ee ji sv\u00e9voln\u011b zm\u011bnit (nap\u0159. jako \u010dlen jedn\u00e9 rodiny),<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>konektivita \u2013\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>nes\u010detn\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 propojen\u00ed syst\u00e9m\u016f a jejich \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed schopnost\u00ed SoS,<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>diverzita<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed diverzita (rozmanitost) v\u00a0schopnostech SoS dosa\u017een\u00e1 pomoc\u00ed autonomie r\u016fzn\u00fdch slo\u017ekov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, zaujat\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti a otev\u0159en\u00e9 konektivity,<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>emergence<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0pojet\u00ed SoS m\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161ena z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e1 nep\u0159edv\u00eddatelnost syst\u00e9mu a vytvo\u0159en\u00ed podm\u00ednek pro mo\u017enost emergence (tj. vzniku) z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam ve smyslu\u00a0negativn\u00edm (vznik nep\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00fdch negativn\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, pohrom) i pozitivn\u00edm (v\u010dasn\u00e1 detekce a eliminace nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9m\u016f).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Element emergence m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv pro volbu metod pro pr\u00e1ci se syst\u00e9my, p\u0159evaha metod exaktn\u00edch pro klasick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, a p\u0159evaha metod heuristick\u00fdch pro SoS, tj. v\u010detn\u011b pou\u017eit\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence (angl. Artificial Intelligence \u2013 AI), apod.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Pro \u00fa\u010dely diserta\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce ch\u00e1peme SoS<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0jako mno\u017einu otev\u0159en\u00fdch vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojen\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f [33], d\u00e1le slo\u017een\u00fdch z podsyst\u00e9m\u016f a objekt\u016f (komponent) r\u016fzn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed i jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed. Vazby mezi subsyst\u00e9my a objekty zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 funkce a chov\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9ho SoS [40]. Vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 vazby a z\u00e1vislosti, tj. interdependence, jsou dle jejich povahy fyzick\u00e9, kybernetick\u00e9, m\u00edstn\u00ed a logick\u00e9 [6]. D\u00e1le lze interdependence SoS rozd\u011blit na:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>\u017e\u00e1dan\u00e9:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0zlep\u0161uj\u00ed vlastnosti syst\u00e9m\u016f, za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a infrastruktur,<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>ne\u017e\u00e1dan\u00e9:<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 za norm\u00e1ln\u00edch a abnorm\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek: jsou o\u0161et\u0159en\u00e9 projektem dle po\u017eadavk\u016f legislativy [41],<\/p>\n<p>b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 za podm\u00ednek kritick\u00fdch (<strong><em>nadprojektov\u00fdch<\/em><\/strong>):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vedou ke ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m syst\u00e9mu,<\/li>\n<li>zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed, \u017ee syst\u00e9my \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b nepln\u00ed svoje funkce,<\/li>\n<li>zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed, \u017ee syst\u00e9my ohro\u017euj\u00ed sebe a sv\u00e9 okol\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>P\u0159i zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch jist\u00fdch podm\u00ednek \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, lze n\u011bkter\u00e9 situace \u0159e\u0161it exaktn\u00edmi metodami. Uveden\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti jsou stanoven\u00e9 v\u00a0projektu dle jeho \u017eivotnosti a kriti\u010dnosti, v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hovo\u0159\u00edme o\u00a0<strong><em>projektov\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00edch.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee nastanou nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 jevy, resp. nehody, po kter\u00fdch nedojde k\u00a0p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed projektov\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, resp. podm\u00ednek, jde o tzv.\u00a0<strong><em>projektov\u00e9 jevy (nehody).\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Bezpe\u010dnost zasahuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm do oblasti mimo uveden\u00e9 limity a podm\u00ednky syst\u00e9m\u016f, tj.\u00a0<strong><em>nadprojektov\u00e9 jevy<\/em><\/strong>, resp. nehody.<\/p>\n<p>Pojmy projektov\u00e9 (angl. Design Basis Accident) a nadprojektov\u00e9 (angl. Beyond Design Basis Accident) nehody jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad form\u00e1ln\u011b definovan\u00e9 Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed agenturou pro atomovou energii (IAEA) [42], ov\u0161em jsou b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 i v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch oblastech \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti technick\u00fdch d\u011bl [41].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>2.1 Definice pou\u017eit\u00fdch pojm\u016f \u2013 z pohledu Integr\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti Na z\u00e1klad\u011b anal\u00fdzy zdroj\u016f\u00a0[1-6,8-76]\u00a0je d\u00e1le uveden souhrn znalost\u00ed a odkazy vztahuj\u00edc\u00ed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1537,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[182],"tags":[95,297,121],"class_list":["post-1536","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-integralni-bezpecnost","tag-bezpecnost","tag-integralni-bezpecnost","tag-kriticnost"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1536","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1536"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1536\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3806,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1536\/revisions\/3806"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1537"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1536"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1536"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1536"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}