{"id":3189,"date":"2024-09-10T15:38:50","date_gmt":"2024-09-10T13:38:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.kint.cz\/?p=3189"},"modified":"2025-06-04T19:24:27","modified_gmt":"2025-06-04T17:24:27","slug":"atmospheric-physics-meteorology-and-safety-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/en\/atmospheric-physics-meteorology-and-safety-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Atmospheric Physics, Meteorology and Safety (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3189\" class=\"elementor elementor-3189\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f1bd2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"95f1bd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ccb69e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4ccb69e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"338\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0bcccc34-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1464\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0bcccc34-image.png 338w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0bcccc34-image-300x180.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8783d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d8783d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\nAtmospheric Physics, Meteorology and Safety (2)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5faac45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5faac45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Physics of the Atmosphere, Meteorology, and Safety (1)<\/strong><\/p><p>The physics of the atmosphere is primarily described by meteorology, which is the science of Earth&#8217;s atmosphere, its composition, properties, phenomena, and processes occurring within it. It mainly utilizes physical knowledge and solution methods, referred to as the physics of the atmosphere.<\/p><p><strong>Sources Used:<\/strong><\/p><p>Klima skripta.\u00a0<em>Gis\u00e1ci na UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATIKA A ROMANTIKA<\/em>\u00a0[online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cit. 2017-09-03]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a><\/p><p>NE\u010cAS, Tom\u00e1\u0161.\u00a0<em>Fyzika v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e aneb z\u00e1klady meteorologie: Modul\u00e1rn\u00ed syst\u00e9m dal\u0161\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pedagogick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f JmK v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd\u00e1ch a informatice CZ.1.07\/1.3.10\/02.0024<\/em>. Brno: P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e1 fakulta, Masarykova univerzita v Brn\u011b, 2011.\u00a0<\/p><p>SK\u0158EHOT, Petr.\u00a0<em>Atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 optick\u00e9 jevy.\u00a0<\/em>Meteorologick\u00e1 Optick\u00e1 Rada. [Online 3. 9. 2017]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: www.astronomie.cz\/download\/atmosfericke-opticke-jevy.pdf<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf3800b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cf3800b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Air flow as a physical phenomenon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c91f1f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c91f1f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the basic features of the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere is the constant movement and displacement of varying volumes of air. The atmosphere tends to equalize these differences, and the manifestation of this is the airflow. The orientation of the direction of flow always moves from an area of higher air pressure to an area of lower air pressure. It involves the transfer of mass particles as well as thermal energy. Under the term &#8220;flow,&#8221; we understand a disordered movement, although in the atmosphere, we can also encounter organized flow.<\/p><p>Climate script. Gis\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICISM [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cit. 2017-09-03]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a>:<\/p><p>Laminar flow \u2013 a form of flow without turbulent vortex movements, created above an aerodynamically smooth surface. Air particles move parallel to the direction of flow. It only occurs in a thin layer above the so-called aerodynamically smooth surface. It is extremely rare and does not occur when flowing over an aerodynamically rough surface (vegetation, built-up areas, etc.).<\/p><p>Katabatic flow \u2013 a descending, gliding movement of cold air, e.g. along an inclined geographical relief.<\/p><p>Anabatic flow \u2013 an upward gliding flow along an inclined geographical relief. Anabatic character also applies to the upward flow of warm air on anafronts.<\/p><p>Convection \u2013 upward flow caused by horizontal inhomogeneity of the atmosphere. A necessary condition for its development is the overheating of the active surface, associated with an increase in barometric pressure. If convection takes place in a closed ring, it is called a convection cell. This characterizes organized convection. Thermal convection (thermal turbulence used in sport aviation) and forced (mechanical) convection are distinguished \u2013 aided by the initial impulse of airflow from orographic obstacles.<\/p><p>Subsidence \u2013 slow descending, settling movements inside an air mass. It causes adiabatic warming of the air and dissolves the formed clouds.<\/p><p>Turbulence \u2013 the most common, characterized by irregular and disordered vortex movements. Also, vertical height variation and roughness of geographical relief. It develops from laminar flow when the critical speed is exceeded. The degree of turbulence is determined by the character of the thermal stratification of the atmosphere. Turbulence is associated with gustiness of the wind in the atmosphere and contributes to air mixing and the transfer of heat, water vapor, and air pollutants.<\/p><p>Vortices \u2013 created mechanically (roughness of relief) = orographic turbulence or a result of instability in the temperature stratification of the atmosphere \u2013 thermal = convective or storm turbulence.<\/p><p>Advection \u2013 transfer of a certain volume of air through atmospheric flow.<\/p><p>Causes of movement \u2013 the causes that induce movement are the force of the horizontal pressure gradient, Coriolis force (earth&#8217;s rotation, deflection of masses to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere \u2013 see figure 39), frictional force (against the direction of movement). &#8220;Wind, which contains a predominant horizontal component of air movement, can be expressed by a vector and is characterized by direction and speed&#8221; \u2013 formula see source2.<\/p><p>Climate script. Gis\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICISM [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cit. 2017-09-03]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skri\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skri<\/a>.<\/p><p>Geostrophic wind \u2013 the simplest air movement, ideal horizontal, uniform, straight-line flow without friction. If we stand with our backs to the wind, TN is in front on the left, TV is behind on the right.<\/p><p>Cyclones \u2013 phases \u2013 front, wave, young cyclone, occlusion, dying cyclone.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c90886 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6c90886\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-828127e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"828127e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"339\" height=\"339\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/99197928-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1468\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/99197928-image.png 339w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/99197928-image-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/99197928-image-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 339px) 100vw, 339px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cea4cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cea4cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"265\" height=\"345\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/ee2e3324-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1469\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/ee2e3324-image.png 265w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/ee2e3324-image-230x300.png 230w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 265px) 100vw, 265px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-947be87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"947be87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"283\" height=\"346\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/c610a325-image-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1470\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/c610a325-image-1.png 283w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/c610a325-image-1-245x300.png 245w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 283px) 100vw, 283px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4926f4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4926f4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><strong>Wind speed<\/strong> \u2013 measured in m.s <sup>-1 <\/sup>, max. Mt. Washington 416 km\/h. Winds with speeds greater than 5 m\/s are gusty.<\/em><em>.<\/em><\/p><p><em><strong>Wind direction<\/strong> \u2013 a northern wind comes from the north. If the change exceeds 45\u00b0, it is a variable wind.<\/em><em>.<\/em><\/p><p><em><strong>Beaufort scale<\/strong> 13 degrees:<\/em><\/p><p><em>0 \u2013 calm, 1 km\/h,<\/em><\/p><p><em>1 \u2013 breeze,<\/em><\/p><p><em>2 to 8 \u2013 light wind to stormy,<\/em><\/p><p><em>9 to 11 \u2013 gale,<\/em><\/p><p><em>12 \u2013 hurricane &gt; 118 km\/h.<\/em><\/p><p><em><strong>Daily wind speed pattern<\/strong> \u2013 maximum is around 14:00, minimum is at night or in the morning. Direction for the northern hemisphere \u2013 increasing speed in the morning and veering to the right, decreasing after noon and veering to the left.<\/em><em>.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ce75fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5ce75fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atmospheric circulation systems<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-416ac86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"416ac86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The circulation of the atmosphere is always accompanied by the transfer of energy, momentum, and water. Basic types include: Jet stream, air circulation in cyclonic and anticyclonic systems, trade wind and monsoon circulation. Mesoscale circulations \u2013 hurricanes, tornadoes, breezes, mountain and valley winds.<\/p><p>Climate script. Gis\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICS [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [accessed 2017-09-03]. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a><\/p><p>The circulation is influenced by:<\/p><ul><li>Solar radiant energy \u2013 the uneven distribution of radiant energy is one of the main triggers for circulation.<\/li><li>Earth&#8217;s rotational movement \u2013 due to the formation of the Coriolis force, at the equator = 0, at the poles the most.<\/li><li>Surface heterogeneity \u2013 affects the temperature of the air, and due to turbulent mixing, it is present throughout the troposphere.<\/li><li>Friction between air and the earth\u2019s surface \u2013 causes a reduction in speed and a change in direction, only up to an altitude of about 1.5 km.<\/li><\/ul><p>If the Earth were not rotating and had the same surface, it would be ideal \u2013 warm air from the equator moving to the poles \u2013 cooling, and back to the equator. Around the equator, a tropical calm zone forms = tropical convergence zone = NT, trade winds in the northern hemisphere from the northeast, in the southern hemisphere from the southeast. Tropical cyclones are disturbances in the atmosphere in low latitudes. They differ from extratropical ones by their smaller size, low pressure at the centers, and high speeds. Air vortices with a maximum diameter of several hundred km. Their movement follows the direction of the trade winds. They always form over the ocean and in the calm zone. The source is the surface water of tropical ocean areas with temperatures over 26\u00b0C. Tropical cyclones by location \u2013 hurricane or uragan \u2013 Central America, typhoon \u2013 Far East, cyclone \u2013 Bay of Bengal, Willy-Willies \u2013 between Australia and the Cocos Islands.<\/p><p>Climate script. Gis\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICS [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [accessed 2017-09-03]. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a><\/p><p>3 basic types of atmospheric circulation:<\/p><ol><li>Zonal circulation \u2013 along parallels, for Western and Central Europe, warm and humid air from the Atlantic in winter and cool humid air in summer. It is crucial for the large water cycle.<\/li><li>Meridional \u2013 along the meridians, cold C and warm A, allows the influx of cold air from the Arctic and warm air from the subtropics to Europe.<\/li><li>Mixed \u2013 a combination of both.<\/li><\/ol><p>Local circulatory winds with different characteristics: breeze winds, valley and mountain winds, glacier wind, foehn, bora, small-scale air vortices \u2013 whirlwind, trombes, tornadoes, urban wind.<\/p><p>Monsoons \u2013 uneven heating of the land and oceans.<\/p><p>El Ni\u00f1o \u2013 this phenomenon is the most well-known manifestation of disruption in the general atmospheric circulation. The translation means \u201cLittle Jesus,\u201d as it regularly occurs during the Christmas period. It forms after a period of intensified trade winds, which leads to the displacement of a greater volume of ocean water westward. Thus, in the direction of the regular currents. After the weakening of the trade wind currents, the accumulated water flows back. It is marked by the disappearance of the cold Peruvian current along the western coast of South America. Off the coast of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, the water temperature rises (in 1983 by 11\u00b0C) and the water level increases by several centimeters. Consequences: Torrential rains, impact on fauna and flora, fish die due to the lack of food \u2013 affecting local fishermen. El Ni\u00f1o is also accompanied by pressure changes \u2013 ENSO \u2013 El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillations. A change in the general atmospheric circulation. It is proven that this anomaly also influences other phenomena \u2013 droughts in equatorial Africa, flooding in the Mississippi River basin\u2026 (generally endangering the life of birds, coral reefs, forest fires, marine life, coastal erosion, droughts, floods, and tropical storms).<\/p><p>Climate script. Gis\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICS [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [accessed 2017-09-03]. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a><\/p><p>La Ni\u00f1a \u2013 an air current system, intensified trade winds enhance the upwelling of cold ocean water, intensifying cold ocean currents. &gt; transfer of cold water from the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean to the west, a more significant rise in surface temperature in the western Pacific Ocean. It\u2019s like the opposite of El Ni\u00f1o.<\/p><p>Climate script. Gis\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICS [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [accessed 2017-09-03]. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e41ff1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e41ff1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formation of clouds and precipitation, optical phenomena<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-200e8ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"200e8ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When water vapor condenses in the atmosphere, microscopic condensation nuclei form water droplets. These microscopic droplets cluster together to create larger cloud droplets and ice crystals. As they accumulate, clouds form. The water droplets remain at a certain height due to updrafts in the atmosphere. At temperatures up to -4\u00b0C, clouds form with water droplets only, while at temperatures below -12\u00b0C, the ice nucleus level is reached, and only ice nuclei are present. The water content of clouds indicates the amount of water they contain. 1 m\u00b3 = 0.2-5.0 g.<\/p><p>Climate script. Gis\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICS [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [accessed 2017-09-03]. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-404d720 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"404d720\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Clouds and their classification, optical phenomena<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df75358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df75358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em><strong>Cloudiness<\/strong> is formed by water droplets that result from condensation on fine dust particles in the air (so-called condensation nuclei), according to source <sup data-mfn=\"10\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000006ca4430000000002e87be2f_1780\"><a role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000006ca4430000000002e87be2f_1780-10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/em>\n\n<span style=\"text-align: var(--text-align); color: #777777; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 12.8px; font-weight: 400; background-color: #ffffff;\">NE\u010cAS, Tom\u00e1\u0161. <\/span><em style=\"text-align: var(--text-align); border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: Raleway; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-size: 12.8px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: #777777;\">Physics in the Atmosphere or Basics of Meteorology: Modular System of Further Education for Pedagogical Workers of the JmK in Natural Sciences and Informatics CZ.1.07\/1.3.10\/02.0024<\/em><span style=\"text-align: var(--text-align); color: #777777; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 12.8px; font-weight: 400; background-color: #ffffff;\">. Brno: Faculty of Science, Masaryk University in Brno, 2011.<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-family: var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif; text-align: var(--text-align);\">:<\/span>\n<p style=\"font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; font-family: Raleway; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 15px; color: #666666; background-color: #ffffff;\"><em style=\"border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\">\u2013 water vapor condenses when the dew point is reached; this usually happens when humid air rises, causing its pressure and temperature to decrease.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; font-family: Raleway; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 15px; color: #666666; background-color: #ffffff;\">\u2013 what causes air to rise? (see picture)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; font-family: Raleway; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 15px; color: #666666; background-color: #ffffff;\">    <em style=\"border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\">\u2022 it is heated by the warm surface of the Earth (thermal convection),<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; font-family: Raleway; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 15px; color: #666666; background-color: #ffffff;\"><em style=\"border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\">    \u2022 it hits an obstacle \u2013 mountains,<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; font-family: Raleway; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 15px; color: #666666; background-color: #ffffff;\"><em style=\"border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\">  \n<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f664ab2 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f664ab2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aafe4cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"aafe4cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"208\" height=\"156\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/ee5e784f-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1471\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-202a4be elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"202a4be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"149\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/ca36e904-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1472\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-beb19c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"beb19c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"218\" height=\"163\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/eab8e04b-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1473\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2a20bb e-grid e-con-full e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f2a20bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-020a126 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"020a126\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"328\" height=\"214\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/7e71a309-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1474\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/7e71a309-image.png 328w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/7e71a309-image-300x196.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0077a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d0077a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"326\" height=\"215\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2fba749c-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1475\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2fba749c-image.png 326w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2fba749c-image-300x198.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 326px) 100vw, 326px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d5e763 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2d5e763\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-808dc95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"808dc95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><em>Clouds of a warm front<\/em><\/strong><em> \u2013 Warmer air slowly moves into the region of cooler air and must rise; this creates stratiform clouds, usually associated with a continuous precipitation band.<\/em>\n\n<em><strong>Clouds of a cold front<\/strong><\/em><em> \u2013 Cold air quickly moves into the region of warmer air and forces it upwards; this creates cumuliform clouds, often accompanied by a storm, with precipitation being mostly intense and short-lived.<\/em>\n\n<strong><em><u>International Cloud Classification<\/u><\/em><\/strong> uses Latin names and divides clouds into 3 main groups <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"11\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000006ca4430000000002e87be2f_1780\"><a role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000006ca4430000000002e87be2f_1780-11\">11<\/a><\/sup>\n\n<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"11\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000006ca4430000000002e87be2f_1780\"><a role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000006ca4430000000002e87be2f_1780-11\">Klima skripta.\u00a0<em>Gis\u00e1ci na UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATIKA A ROMANTIKA<\/em>\u00a0[online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cit. 2017-09-03]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a><\/sup>:\n\n<strong>Cirrus (thread), Stratus (layer) and Cumulus (heap)<\/strong>.\n\nFrom these, 10 basic types have been derived, and to precisely determine them, the International Cloud Atlas is used <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"12\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000006ca4430000000002e87be2f_1780\"><a role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000006ca4430000000002e87be2f_1780-12\">12<\/a><\/sup>\n\n<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"12\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000006ca4430000000002e87be2f_1780\"><a role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000006ca4430000000002e87be2f_1780-12\">Klima skripta.\u00a0<em>Gis\u00e1ci na UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATIKA A ROMANTIKA<\/em>\u00a0[online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cit. 2017-09-03]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a><\/sup>:\n\n<strong><em>Cirrus<\/em><\/strong> (Ci) \u2013 thread, composed of ice crystals, thin threads or fibers, straight, irregularly curved, and interconnected.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec0cf5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec0cf5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8862e54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8862e54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"354\" height=\"242\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3b5fcc2d-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1476\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3b5fcc2d-image.png 354w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3b5fcc2d-image-300x205.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25770de elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"25770de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"390\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/9c241b9f-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1477\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/9c241b9f-image.png 390w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/9c241b9f-image-300x183.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4be4eb0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4be4eb0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23ba7fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"23ba7fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em><strong>Cirrocumulus<\/strong> (Cc) \u2013 thread heap, thin large groups of white clouds, sheep clouds, without shadows,<\/em>\n<p><p>\n\n<em><strong>Cirrostratus<\/strong> (Cs) \u2013 thread layer, a translucent veil of clouds, fibrous or smooth in appearance, either fully or partially covering the sky \u2013 halo phenomena.<\/em>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b76afbd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b76afbd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be2209f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"be2209f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"319\" height=\"201\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/7b4d01fe-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1478\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/7b4d01fe-image.png 319w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/7b4d01fe-image-300x189.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 319px) 100vw, 319px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cfc792 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2cfc792\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"338\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0bcccc34-image-1-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1479\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0bcccc34-image-1-1.png 338w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0bcccc34-image-1-1-300x180.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a61c59 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0a61c59\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b70650 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b70650\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em><strong>Altocumulus<\/strong> (As) \u2013 elevated heap, white and gray clouds with shadows, groups or layers, resembling waves and pebbles, see image 43 \u2013 orographic clouds.<\/em>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88389e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"88389e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"324\" height=\"196\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/97609615-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1480\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/97609615-image.png 324w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/97609615-image-300x181.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1446a76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1446a76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em><strong>Altostratus<\/strong> (Ac) \u2013 high layer, grayish to bluish surface, fibrous to ribbed structure, full or partial coverage, thin, but without halo phenomena,<\/em>\n<p>\n<em><strong>Nimbostratus<\/strong> (Ns) \u2013 rain layer, gray to dark cloud, dull appearance due to falling rain and snow precipitation, thick layer, the Sun does not pass through,<\/em>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2603f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e2603f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"344\" height=\"206\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/51594868-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1481\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/51594868-image.png 344w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/51594868-image-300x180.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76a78d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76a78d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em><strong>Startocumulus<\/strong> (Sc) \u2013 layer heap, gray to whitish groups of clouds, with dark spots,<\/em>\n\n<em><strong>Stratus<\/strong> (St) \u2013 layer, gray, monotonous base, drizzle, ice needles and grains,<\/em>\n<p><p>\n<em><strong>Cumulus<\/strong> (Cu) \u2013 heap, solitary clouds, dense with well-defined outlines, developing upward into towers and heaps, the top part cauliflower-shaped.<\/em>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74bc1e1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"74bc1e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5139a34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5139a34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"286\" height=\"183\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/21584c6d-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1482\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a051500 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a051500\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"301\" height=\"182\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/9331586f-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1483\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8096c26 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8096c26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1402617 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1402617\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><em>Cumulonimbus<\/em> (Cb) \u2013 thundercloud, massive and dense, the top part flattened like an anvil, heavy precipitation and dark.<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4541005 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4541005\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3c12bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a3c12bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"288\" height=\"177\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2a7b80d9-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1484\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c509b47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c509b47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"273\" height=\"178\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/094c0993-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1485\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-736e981 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"736e981\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"277\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/6cc81653-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1486\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fd7ed7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6fd7ed7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-503146d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"503146d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Further division according to source13<\/strong>\n\n<p>Climate script. Gis\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICISM [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cited 2017-09-03]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n  <li><strong>High clouds<\/strong> \u2013 Ci, Cc, Cs \u2013 base h = 5-13 km, made of ice crystals, white and transparent.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Middle clouds<\/strong> \u2013 As, Ac \u2013 h = 2-7 km<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Low clouds<\/strong> \u2013 Ns, St, Cu, Sc \u2013 gray and with precipitation, up to 2 km<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Clouds with vertical development<\/strong> \u2013 Cu, Cb \u2013 thunderclouds, hail.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Convective clouds<\/strong> \u2013 formed within air masses or at fronts. In highly unstable air masses.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Wave clouds<\/strong> \u2013 Sc, Ac<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Clouds from upward movements, clouds from radiation.<\/strong><\/li>\n  <li><strong>Special:<\/strong> Pearly clouds (supercooled droplets), noctilucent clouds (cosmic dust), contrails (airplanes), clouds from fires, volcanic clouds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>Cloudiness causes surface cooling<\/strong> \u2013 less radiation reaches the surface. Cloudiness significantly affects the climate. Synoptic meteorology \u2013 octaves, climatology tenths14<\/p>\n\n<p>Climate script. Gis\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICISM [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cited 2017-09-03]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skrip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skrip<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Optical phenomena in the atmosphere<\/strong> \u2013 photometeors according to:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n  <li><strong>Halo phenomena<\/strong> \u2013 reflection and refraction of sunlight on ice crystals scattered in the air. These are bright, whitish, faintly rainbow-colored bands, arcs, or halos in the sky. A small halo (very common) and a large halo (less common) are distinguished, with the center always being the Sun. A very rare phenomenon is also the sundog \u2013 1\/year, as well as the halo column, circumzenithal arc, and anti-sun15.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Climate script. Gis\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICISM [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cited 2017-09-03]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skr<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n  <li><strong>Glory and corona<\/strong> \u2013 in thin water clouds, small circles (crowns) are observed in front of the sun and moon. The corona is caused by the bending of light on particles of clouds Ac, Cc, Cs. These circles are usually bluish to reddish. They are sometimes called aureoles16.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Climate script. Gis\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICISM [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cited 2017-09-03]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skri\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skri<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n  <li><strong>Colorful circles around the shadows of objects on clouds<\/strong> are called glory17.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Climate script. Gis\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICISM [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cited 2017-09-03]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n  <li><strong>Rainbow<\/strong> \u2013 probably the most well-known optical phenomenon \u2013 refraction of light when a ray passes through air layers with a higher number of water droplets. The inner side is violet, the outer side is red18.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Climate script. Gis\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICISM [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cited 2017-09-03]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Dusk phenomena<\/strong> \u2013 after sunset or before sunrise, part of the sky is illuminated by scattered sunlight, unless it is completely covered by thick clouds. During this time, some optical phenomena can be observed, which arise from the combined effects of refraction, scattering, and absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere19.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>NE\u010cAS, Tom\u00e1\u0161<\/strong>. Fyzika v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e aneb z\u00e1klady meteorologie: Modul\u00e1rn\u00ed syst\u00e9m dal\u0161\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pedagogick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f JmK v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd\u00e1ch a informatice CZ.1.07\/1.3.10\/02.0024. Brno: P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e1 fakulta, Masarykova univerzita v Brn\u011b, 2011:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n  <li>Purple glow, green flash, apparent enlargement of the sun or moon disk, others.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>Optical phenomena in the atmosphere \u2013 others according to source20<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>SK\u0158EHOT, Petr. Atmospheric optical phenomena. Meteorological Optical Council. [Online 3. 9. 2017]. Available at: <a href=\"www.astronomie.cz\/download\/atmosfericke-opticke-jevy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">www.astronomie.cz\/download\/atmosfericke-opticke-jevy.pdf<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n  <li><strong>Lightning<\/strong> \u2013 linear, branching, ball, or sheet lightning \u2013 lightning discharges that occur during thunderstorms, accompanied by thunder. Thunderstorms are classified by origin as frontal and local \u2013 arising from heat. Discharges of atmospheric electricity can occur within thunderclouds, between individual clouds, or between a cloud and the earth, which acts as a positively charged capacitor. In all three cases, a discharge occurs between differently charged regions in the form of a rapidly occurring lightning strike.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Eli\u00e1\u0161&#8217;s fire<\/strong> \u2013 during thunderstorms, charge may accumulate on the tips and raised metal objects, causing discharges of atmospheric electricity. Strong pointed discharges are also accompanied by sound effects (crackling) and sometimes clearly visible visual phenomena such as sparking and arcing.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Aurora Borealis<\/strong> \u2013 these have either a ray-like or non-ray-like structure. In the first case, they are usually rapidly moving light phenomena in the form of colored rays, curtains, draperies, etc. The second type is observed as stationary or only slightly moving arcs, or just diffuse light. Aurora Borealis are most commonly observed in areas around the Earth&#8217;s magnetic poles, with the highest frequency occurring along a circle about 20\u201325\u00b0 from these poles. The aurora forms through the interaction of electrically charged particles with molecules of highly diluted air, i.e. at altitudes from 80 to 1000 km above the Earth&#8217;s surface.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Tyndall effect<\/strong> \u2013 based on the diffuse scattering of light passing through an optically heterogeneous system, manifesting as the visibility of the path of a light ray passing through a dispersion, observed perpendicular to its direction. The scattered light carries a bluish-white hue.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Bishop&#8217;s Ring<\/strong> \u2013 a reddish-brown ring around the Sun, with an inner radius of about 10\u00b0 and an outer radius of about 20\u00b0. As the Sun&#8217;s altitude decreases, both radii increase. It forms due to light bending on solid particles, usually of volcanic origin.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Meteors<\/strong> \u2013 bright light streaks. They are caused by small bodies, usually in the micrometer to millimeter size range, orbiting the Sun at speeds of several kilometers per second. When such a body accidentally collides with Earth, it enters our atmosphere and heats up intensely as it moves through the air, exciting surrounding air particles to emit light. During its passage through the atmosphere, the body&#8217;s surface layers may melt, or even the entire body may melt due to friction with air molecules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2342fa2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2342fa2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d154546 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d154546\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\nAtmospheric precipitation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5081b9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d5081b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1a6a6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e1a6a6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Atmospheric precipitation<\/strong> refers to particles that form in the atmosphere by the condensation of water vapor and occur in the atmosphere, on the Earth&#8217;s surface, or on objects in liquid or solid form <sup>21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p>Climate scripts. GIS\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICISM [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cited 2017-09-03]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skrip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skrip<\/a>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b337ef5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b337ef5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vertical precipitation<\/strong> refers to precipitation that falls from clouds. The most well-known forms are rain and snow. Precipitation of a continuous nature most often falls from clouds of upward gliding Ns, As. Thunderclouds (Cb) typically bring only shower-type precipitation. In addition to continuous precipitation, we also observe drizzle, which is typical for warm and stable air masses and clouds St, Sc. Vertical precipitation according to the source <sup>22<\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p>Climate scripts. GIS\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICISM [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cited 2017-09-03]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n    <li><strong>Rain<\/strong> \u2013 water precipitation in the form of drops, with a diameter from 0.5 to 7.0 mm. Rain is also considered when drops are smaller than 0.5 mm, but fall densely.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Drizzle<\/strong> \u2013 small drops with a diameter of up to 0.5 mm, but they do not have sufficient intensity to be considered rain.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Snow<\/strong> \u2013 solid precipitation consisting of ice crystals or their clusters of various shapes. The basic shape is a six-pointed plate \u2013 a snowflake. At higher temperatures, they form clumps, while at temperatures below -5\u00b0C, they form smaller flakes.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Snow pellets<\/strong> \u2013 solid precipitation composed of white opaque ice particles, falling during showers around freezing point, with a diameter of 2-5 mm, which shatter upon impact.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Snow grains<\/strong> \u2013 solid precipitation made of ice, smaller than snow pellets, smaller than 1 mm. They do not shatter upon impact and resemble drizzle at temperatures below freezing.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Rime pellets<\/strong> \u2013 snow grains coated with a layer of ice, with a diameter of about 5 mm, at temperatures around freezing, accompanying rain, bouncing, and shattering.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Freezing rain<\/strong> \u2013 falling transparent, semi-transparent ice grains with a diameter of 5 mm, formed by freezing raindrops, sometimes containing water inside.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Hail<\/strong> \u2013 balls, pieces, or fragments of ice from 5-50 mm in size, weighing up to 0.5 kg.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Ice needles<\/strong> \u2013 simple ice crystals in the form of needles, floating or falling very slowly. Typical for polar regions, but only occurring during severe frosts here.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>Deposited (horizontal) precipitation<\/strong> \u2013 if the condensation process occurred on the Earth&#8217;s surface or on objects on it (buildings, trees, power lines, etc.):<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n    <li><strong>Dew<\/strong> \u2013 water deposition in the form of small droplets on the Earth&#8217;s surface, plants, or various objects. It forms due to radiational cooling when the temperature drops below the dew point. Most often observed in the evening or night during the warm season, with extremes ranging from 10-30 mm annually. In continental climates, it supplements the precipitation total.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Frozen dew<\/strong> \u2013 frozen dew droplets.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Hoarfrost<\/strong> \u2013 crystalline deposits similar to dew but always below freezing, with ice flakes and needles that have a fine structure, found on grass and horizontal surfaces, but not on trees or wires.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Rime<\/strong> \u2013 fine needles, clumps with a distinct crystalline structure, deposited during severe frosts on trees and power lines.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Wetting<\/strong> \u2013 water droplets on windward sides.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Hoarfrost<\/strong> \u2013 white transparent granular deposit consisting of snow-white clumps on the windward side of objects. It forms during fog at temperatures from -2\u00b0C to -10\u00b0C on the ground, objects, trees, power lines, and aircraft in flight.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Glaze<\/strong> \u2013 continuous transparent ice deposit, frozen droplets from rain or drizzle.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Black ice and frost<\/strong> \u2013 freezing of droplets after they have fallen to the ground.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf991a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf991a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inversion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7df881 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f7df881\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Inversion<\/strong> \u2013 the term refers to an unusual vertical distribution of air temperature. In a certain &#8220;inversion&#8221; layer, the temperature of the air increases with altitude. It usually affects not very thick layers of the troposphere. They are characterized by the height (surface and upper layers), in which they occur, thickness (upper and lower limits of the inversion), temperature difference, and temperature gradient. If the inversion occurs in several layers stacked on top of each other \u2013 mixed inversion. According to the cause of formation, we divide inversions into: advective, frontal, radiational, subsidence, turbulent, and trade wind inversions <sup>23<\/sup><\/p><p>Climate scripts. GIS\u00e1ci at UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATICS AND ROMANTICISM [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cited 2017-09-03]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skrip<\/a>ta.pdf<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc8d719 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bc8d719\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"401\" height=\"226\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/cae293b8-image.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1487\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/cae293b8-image.png 401w, https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/cae293b8-image-300x169.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Atmospheric Physics, Meteorology and Safety (2) Physics of the Atmosphere, Meteorology, and Safety (1) The physics of the atmosphere is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1464,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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