{"id":1065,"date":"2023-05-22T09:56:21","date_gmt":"2023-05-22T09:56:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meticsdemosite.com\/?p=337"},"modified":"2025-06-04T18:33:10","modified_gmt":"2025-06-04T16:33:10","slug":"termodynamika-a-bezpecnost-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/es\/termodynamika-a-bezpecnost-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Termodynamika a bezpe\u010dnost (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Termodynamika a bezpe\u010dnost (2)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Technologick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b jsou bu\u010f zalo\u017eeny anebo jsou ve velk\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e ovlivn\u011bny termodynamick\u00fdmi z\u00e1kony a technickou termodynamikou. P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017eeme uv\u00e9st v\u00a0prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u010dl\u00e1nku (1)<\/a>\u00a0zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 tepeln\u00e9 motory (tj. nap\u0159\u00edklad ve\u0161ker\u00e9 spalovac\u00ed motory), tepeln\u00e1 \u010derpadla, chladni\u010dky, klimatizace, chlazen\u00e9 elektrotechnick\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 kritick\u00e9 technologie \u010di technologick\u00e9 procesy jsou v praxi z hlediska termodynamiky velmi zraniteln\u00e9, tj. citliv\u00e9 na termodynamick\u00e9 d\u011bje (nap\u0159. citliv\u00e9 na zm\u011bnu teploty okol\u00ed, z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na chlazen\u00ed, citliv\u00e9 na zm\u011bnu tlaku apod.). Mohou p\u0159i zm\u011bn\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch termodynamick\u00fdch parametr\u016f sami zp\u016fsobit termodynamickou reakci nebo jin\u00e9 nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ohro\u017euje nebo p\u0159\u00edmo po\u0161kozuje okol\u00ed, tj. okoln\u00ed syst\u00e9my, \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159en\u00ed, ale i lidsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m, zdrav\u00ed a \u017eivoty lid\u00ed. Uveden\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, kter\u00e9 vedou k velk\u00fdm ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m na ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch aktivech jako je majetek lid\u00ed a firem, \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, \u017eivoty a zdrav\u00ed lid\u00ed apod., naz\u00fdv\u00e1me extr\u00e9mn\u00ed jevy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

N\u011bkter\u00e9 extr\u00e9mn\u00ed jevy, ve kter\u00fdch hraje velkou roli termodynamika, jsou uveden\u00e9 v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edkladech.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Z\u00e1sobn\u00edky a p\u0159epravn\u00ed cisterny zkapaln\u011bn\u00fdch plyn\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Pro popis vlastnost\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edk\u016f a p\u0159epravn\u00edch cisteren zkapaln\u011bn\u00fdch plyn\u016f vych\u00e1z\u00edme z pr\u00e1ce\u00a0(J. HOR\u00c1K)<\/a>\u00a0zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se vyu\u017eit\u00edm termodynamick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f k hodnocen\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed nebezpe\u010dnosti z\u00e1sobn\u00edk\u016f zkapaln\u011bn\u00fdch plyn\u016f\u00a01<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Za extr\u00e9mn\u00ed jev v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b lze pova\u017eovat \u00fanik obsahu z\u00e1sobn\u00edk\u016f a cisteren, vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v chemick\u00e9m a petrochemick\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu. V\u011bt\u0161ina zkapaln\u011bn\u00fdch plyn\u016f m\u00e1 nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti, n\u011bkter\u00e9 jsou toxick\u00e9 \u010di \u017e\u00edrav\u00e9, nap\u0159. chlor, chlorovod\u00edk, oxid si\u0159i\u010dit\u00fd, amoniak, sirovod\u00edk, fosgen, jin\u00e9 ho\u0159lav\u00e9, nap\u0159. amoniak, propan, propen, butan, butadien a vinylchlorid, a proto v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nehody mohou zp\u016fsobit velk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty na \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed a tak\u00e9 na zdrav\u00ed a \u017eivotech lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Uveden\u00e9 z\u00e1sobn\u00edky a cisterny lze tedy pova\u017eovat za nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd prost\u0159edek, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nehody zp\u016fsobit:<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00fanik velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky<\/em><\/strong>,<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0 vznik sm\u011bsi nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho plynu a vzduchu,<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b toxick\u00e9ho plynu, tj.\u00a0toxick\u00fd oblak<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0ohro\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed obyvatele a \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed,<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ho\u0159lav\u00e9ho plynu, tj.\u00a0ho\u0159lav\u00fd oblak<\/em><\/strong>, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee v ur\u010dit\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch vzplanout a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pak \u201eohnivou kouli\u201c ohro\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00e1l\u00e1n\u00edm tepla,<\/p>\n

\u2013 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\u00a0explosivn\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0l\u00e1tky,\u00a0oblak plynu<\/em><\/strong>, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee ohro\u017euje okol\u00ed svoj\u00ed exploz\u00ed , jej\u00ed destruktivn\u00ed vlnou a s\u00e1l\u00e1n\u00edm tepla.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Citovan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce\u00a02<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro anal\u00fdzu vybran\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f hav\u00e1ri\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 term\u00edny:<\/p>\n

Adiabatick\u00fd var<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 pro vznik je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed tlakem zkapaln\u011bn\u00fd plyn zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00fd nad teplotu norm\u00e1ln\u00edho bod varu, p\u0159i uvoln\u011bn\u00ed tlaku doch\u00e1z\u00ed k tzv \u201em\u017eikov\u00e9mu varu\u201c kde se pro p\u0159em\u011bnu f\u00e1ze vyu\u017eije vnit\u0159n\u00ed teplo zkapaln\u011bn\u00e9ho plynu, nen\u00ed zde zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm tepla z okol\u00ed,<\/p>\n

Var \u0159\u00edzen\u00fd p\u0159enosem tepla do kapaliny<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 zkapaln\u011bn\u00e9 plyny maj\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00ed bod varu ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e je teplota okol\u00ed. Proto p\u0159i atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9m tlaku v\u0159ou, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e rychlost odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed varem je limitov\u00e1na rychlost\u00ed p\u0159enosu tepla z okol\u00ed do kapaliny.<\/p>\n

Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e hav\u00e1ri\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edk\u016f<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0maj\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00fd pracovn\u00ed prostor na dv\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti: kapalinov\u00fd prostor vypln\u011bn\u00fd zkapaln\u011bn\u00fdm plynem a plynov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st vypln\u011bn\u00e1 stla\u010den\u00fdm plynem. Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 \u00faniku jsou d\u011blen\u00e9 na \u00fanik z kapalinov\u00e9ho prostoru a \u00fanik z plynov\u00e9ho prostoru. V obou p\u0159\u00edpadech se uva\u017euje tzv. pomal\u00fd a rychl\u00ed \u00fanik plynu \u010di kapaliny z \u00fanikov\u00fdch otvor\u016f kapalinov\u00e9ho resp. plynov\u00e9ho prostoru.<\/p>\n

Rychl\u00fd \u00fanik<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je doprov\u00e1zen\u00a0adiabatick\u00fdm varem<\/em><\/strong>, doch\u00e1z\u00ed zde k destruktivn\u00edmu \u00fa\u010dinku expanzn\u00ed energie p\u00e1ry, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed kapaliny v kapk\u00e1ch do prostoru plynu a t\u00edm se urychluje proces varu, doch\u00e1z\u00ed zde tak\u00e9 k vyst\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed kapaliny ve form\u011b p\u011bny. Rychlost \u00faniku z\u00e1vis\u00ed na parametrech \u00fanikov\u00e9 cesty plynu a zda-li je spojena \u00fanikov\u00e1 cesta s kapalinovou a plynovou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. Jako havarijn\u00ed \u00fanik pr\u00e1ce p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 rychl\u00fd \u00fanik.<\/p>\n

Pomal\u00fd \u00fanik<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je doprov\u00e1zen\u00a0varem \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm p\u0159enosem tepla do kapaliny<\/em><\/strong>, kde nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k \u00faniku kapaliny, pouze stla\u010den\u00fd plyn \u201ca v\u00fdznamn\u011b se neuplatn\u00ed destruktivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek expanzn\u00ed energie p\u00e1ry\u201d<\/em>. P\u0159\u00edkladem pomal\u00e9ho \u00faniku je p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed tlakov\u00fdch l\u00e1hv\u00ed se sm\u011bs\u00ed propanu a butanu k va\u0159en\u00ed v dom\u00e1cnostech.<\/p>\n

\u201eV rozboru sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f\u00a0nen\u00ed zahrnut p\u0159\u00edpad<\/strong>, kdy je z\u00e1sobn\u00edk roztr\u017een p\u016fsoben\u00edm tlaku par. K roztr\u017een\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed\u00a0v extr\u00e9mn\u00edch situac\u00edch<\/strong>, nap\u0159. p\u0159i po\u017e\u00e1ru, kdy je obsah z\u00e1sobn\u00edku oh\u0159\u00e1t na vysokou teplotu. Tento p\u0159\u00edpad se ozna\u010duje n\u00e1zvem fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdbuch<\/em>\u201c\u00a03<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Citovan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce zva\u017euje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed charakteristiky pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed relevantn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f:<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 tlak v z\u00e1sobn\u00edku,<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 pom\u011br nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1dr\u017ee v z\u00e1sobn\u00edku ku z\u00e1dr\u017ei nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed,<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 pro plynov\u00fd prostor \u2013 odhad hmotnosti z\u00e1dr\u017ee uvolniteln\u00e9 z parn\u00edho prostoru z\u00e1sobn\u00edku p\u0159i uvoln\u011bn\u00ed tlaku,<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 pro kapalinov\u00fd prostor \u2013 p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed kapaliny nad norm\u00e1ln\u00ed bod varu,<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 pro kapalinov\u00fd prostor \u2013 pod\u00edl kapaliny odpa\u0159iteln\u00fd adiabatick\u00fdm varem.<\/p>\n

Pro anal\u00fdzu potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed nebezpe\u010dnosti \u00faniku je nutn\u00e9 vypo\u010d\u00edtat expansn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci par v plynov\u00e9m prostoru a par vznikaj\u00edc\u00edch varem.<\/p>\n

Expanzn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0poskytuje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed informac\u00ed o razanci, s jakou m\u016f\u017ee p\u00e1ra unikat. Pro v\u00fdpo\u010det je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt vztahy odvozen\u00e9 pro adiabatickou expanzi. \u201cP\u0159i adiabatick\u00e9 expanzi kon\u00e1 p\u00e1ra pr\u00e1ci na \u00fakor sv\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed energie, expanz\u00ed se tedy p\u00e1ra ochlazuje a plat\u00ed rovnost\u201d:<\/em>\u00a0expanzn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce p\u00e1ry je rovna poklesu vnit\u0159n\u00ed energie p\u00e1ry. Vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 jsou dv\u011b mezn\u00ed hodnoty expanzn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce:<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 expanzn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce p\u00e1ry p\u0159i vratn\u00e9 adiabatick\u00e9 expanzi (maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed expanzn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce),<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 expanzn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce p\u00e1ry p\u0159i nevratn\u00e9 adiabatick\u00e9 expanzi proti okoln\u00edmu (atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9mu) tlaku (nejmen\u0161\u00ed nutn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce).<\/p>\n

Rozd\u00edl mezi uvedenou maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed a nejmen\u0161\u00ed nutnou prac\u00ed je tzv.\u00a0nev\u00e1zan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce<\/em><\/strong>, kter\u00e1\u00a0se zpravidla transformuje na jin\u00fd druh nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 energie<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 nap\u0159. destruktivn\u00ed tlakovou vlnu,\u00a0disperga\u010dn\u00ed energii rozptyluj\u00edc\u00ed kapalinu do jemn\u00fdch kapek nebo na kinetickou energii vyt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00edho kapaln\u00e9ho a plynn\u00e9ho proudu. Tato nev\u00e1zan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce pak ovliv\u0148uje i rychlost m\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed p\u00e1ry \u010di sm\u011bsi kapaliny a p\u00e1ry se vzduchem a v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje tvorbu oblaku unikl\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. Transformace t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti energie z\u00e1vis\u00ed na rychlosti procesu. P\u0159i pomal\u00e9m \u00faniku m\u016f\u017ee z\u016fstat netransformov\u00e1na ve form\u011b zjevn\u00e9ho tepla p\u00e1ry.<\/em><\/p>\n

Prac\u00ed vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed varem<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0jsou uva\u017eov\u00e1ny: objemov\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce p\u00e1ry spojen\u00e1 s expanz\u00ed p\u00e1ry v plynov\u00e9m prostoru z\u00e1sobn\u00edku; expanzn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce p\u00e1ry vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed nevratn\u00fdm adiabatick\u00fdm varem kapaliny.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm\u00a0konstruk\u010dn\u00edm parametrem<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0(dle citovan\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce\u00a04<\/a><\/sup>), kter\u00fd ovliv\u0148uje z\u00e1va\u017enost d\u016fsledk\u016f hav\u00e1rie je\u00a0objem a z\u00e1dr\u017e nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky v n\u011bm. Organizac\u00ed proces\u016f lze objem z\u00e1sobn\u00edk\u016f a z\u00e1<\/em>dr\u017ee zmen\u0161ovat<\/em>, ov\u0161em v praxi velmi \u010dasto \u0161patn\u00e1 organizace podniku vynucuje stavbu velk\u00fdch z\u00e1sobn\u00edk\u016f a udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00e9 z\u00e1dr\u017ee.<\/p>\n

Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm\u00a0technologick\u00fdm parametrem<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0je rozd\u00edl mezi teplotou skladov\u00e1n\u00ed a teplotou norm\u00e1ln\u00edho bodu varu, proto\u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b energie akumulovan\u00e1 ve form\u011b p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed obsahu nad norm\u00e1ln\u00ed bod varu p\u0159edstavuje nebezpe\u010dnou formu energie, kter\u00e1 je pak transformov\u00e1na na v\u00fdparn\u00e9 teplo a expanzn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci. Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed uveden\u00e9ho rozd\u00edlu teplot znamen\u00e1 zav\u00e9st dodate\u010dn\u00e9 chlad\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, co\u017e nese dal\u0161\u00ed rizika, proto se mus\u00ed chlazen\u00ed \u0159e\u0161it specificky pro ka\u017ed\u00fd typ z\u00e1sobn\u00edku. D\u00e1le dle anal\u00fdzy pr\u016fb\u011bhu hav\u00e1rie vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee je nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rychl\u00e1 f\u00e1ze, kdy je kapalina vytla\u010dov\u00e1na ze z\u00e1sobn\u00edku tlakem par, proto je v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hav\u00e1rie (resp. \u00faniku) \u00fa\u010deln\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017eit tlak v z\u00e1sobn\u00edku\u00a0\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm par.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u201eVe form\u011b p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed je akumulov\u00e1no relativn\u011b velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie, jej\u00ed rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed pod\u00edl je v\u0161ak transformov\u00e1n na v\u00fdparn\u00e9 teplo a jen velmi mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st se m\u016f\u017ee projevit jako expanzn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed destruk\u010dn\u011b. Hlavn\u00edm zdrojem potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed nebezpe\u010dnosti z\u00e1sobn\u00edk\u016f je tedy jejich schopnost uvolnit do okol\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u00e1ry a vytvo\u0159it oblak nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky\u201c<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Na z\u00e1v\u011br pro ilustraci d\u016fle\u017eitosti termodynamiky v z\u00e1sobn\u00edc\u00edch v bezpe\u010dnosti m\u016f\u017eeme doporu\u010dit n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed video a dokument:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Termodynamika parn\u00edho cyklu jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren \u2013 jadern\u00e1 hav\u00e1rie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Extr\u00e9mn\u00ed jevy zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 jadernou reakc\u00ed nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba bl\u00ed\u017ee popisovat, sta\u010d\u00ed se poohl\u00e9dnout na nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ud\u00e1losti v jadern\u00e9 energetice nebo i v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch konflikt\u016f, sv\u011btov\u00e9 i v \u010cSR.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 svr\u017een\u00ed atomov\u00e9 bomby na m\u011bsta Hiro\u0161ima a Nagasaki v Japonsku roku 1945,<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 jadern\u00e1 hav\u00e1rie Jaslovsk\u00e9 Bohunice A-1 roku 1976 a 1977,<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 jadern\u00e1 hav\u00e1rie Three Mile Island v USA\u00a0 roku 1979,<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 jadern\u00e1 hav\u00e1rie \u010cernobil na Ukrajin\u011b roku 1986,<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 jadern\u00e1 hav\u00e1rie Fukushima v Japonsku roku 2011.<\/p>\n

V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch odstavc\u00edch vych\u00e1z\u00edme z bakal\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce (T. KOZ\u00c1K)\u00a05<\/a><\/sup>, kter\u00e1 nepopisuje extr\u00e9mn\u00ed jevy, ale obsahuje popis parn\u00edho cyklu jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren z hlediska termodynamiky a souhrnn\u00fd p\u0159ehled typ\u016f jadern\u00fdch a jejich konstrukc\u00ed. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b uveden\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce lze demonstrovat d\u016fle\u017eitost termodynamiky v oblasti jadern\u00e9 energetiky, jeliko\u017e vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vlivy, vnit\u0159n\u00edmi organiza\u010dn\u00ed i technologick\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017eou naru\u0161it termodynamick\u00fd cyklus elektr\u00e1rny, co\u017e vede k extr\u00e9mn\u00edm jev\u016fm, tj. selh\u00e1n\u00edm a m\u00e9n\u011b \u010di v\u00edce z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm jadern\u00fdm hav\u00e1ri\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Uveden\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1 stru\u010dn\u00fd \u00favod a historii jadern\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu a energetiky, d\u00e1le p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1 \u00favod do termodynamiky, tj. tepeln\u00e9 ob\u011bhy, Carnot\u016fv ob\u011bh a termodynamiku p\u00e1ry\u00a0 (viz termodynamick\u00e9 z\u00e1kony a cyklick\u00e9 jevy). Ve druh\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti pr\u00e1ce popisuje ide\u00e1ln\u00ed i skute\u010dn\u00fd Rankin-Clausi\u016fv parn\u00ed ob\u011bh, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed termick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti a carnotizaci ob\u011bhu.<\/p>\n

Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed Rankin-Clausi\u016fv ob\u011bh<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0dle m\u011bn\u00ed energii akumulovanou v p\u00e1\u0159e na mechanickou pr\u00e1ci. Skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se ze \u010dty\u0159 termodynamick\u00fdch d\u011bj\u016f resp. stav\u016f zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00fdch na obr\u00e1zku, jejich\u017e pr\u016fb\u011bh je zanesen v T-s diagramu vody a vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Termodynamika: Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed Rankin-Clausi\u016fv ob\u011bh<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

D\u011bj 1-2: adiabatick\u00e1 komprese<\/em><\/strong>, tj. tlakem zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 teplota syt\u00e9 kapaliny.<\/p>\n

D\u011bj 2-3: izobarick\u00fd oh\u0159ev<\/em><\/strong>; kapalina je v kotli (parogener\u00e1tor, reaktor) za konstantn\u00edho tlaku zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1na a p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bna v sytou nebo p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1tou p\u00e1ru.<\/p>\n

D\u011bj 3-4: adiabatick\u00e1 expanze<\/em><\/strong>; tj. p\u00e1ra expanduje p\u0159es turb\u00ednu a svoj\u00ed energii p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje v pr\u00e1ci (rotace turb\u00edny),<\/p>\n

D\u011bj 4-1: kondenzace<\/em><\/strong>; tj. p\u00e1ra kondenzuje zp\u011bt na sytou kapalinu.<\/p>\n

Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed tepeln\u00fd ob\u011bh zanedb\u00e1v\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vliv na pokles termick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti. Jde p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o tepeln\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty a tlakov\u00e9 v kotli a kondenz\u00e1toru, potom nevratn\u00e9 d\u011bje vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed v turb\u00edn\u011b a \u010derpadle.<\/p>\n

Skute\u010dn\u00fd Rankin-Clausi\u016fv ob\u011bh<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 \u2013 \u201eNejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pokles termick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti ob\u011bhu zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed nevratn\u00e9 d\u011bje, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed p\u0159i pr\u016fchodu p\u00e1ry turb\u00ednou. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ide\u00e1ln\u00edho ob\u011bhu p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me, \u017ee expanze v turb\u00edn\u011b je izoentropick\u00e1 a odpov\u00edd\u00e1 j\u00ed i p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd tepeln\u00fd sp\u00e1d (rozd\u00edl entalpi\u00ed p\u00e1ry na vstupu a v\u00fdstupu z turb\u00edny). Pr\u016fchodem p\u00e1ry turb\u00ednou ale doch\u00e1z\u00ed k expanzn\u00edm ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m, jejich d\u016fsledkem se expanzn\u00ed k\u0159ivka odkl\u00e1n\u00ed ve sm\u011bru vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed entropie. Entalpie p\u00e1ry odch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z turb\u00edny je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ide\u00e1ln\u00ed izoentropick\u00e9 expanze. Proto t\u00edm klesne skute\u010dn\u00fd tepeln\u00fd sp\u00e1d, to znamen\u00e1 i v\u00fdkon turb\u00edny. Rovn\u011b\u017e s n\u00e1r\u016fstem entropie vzroste mno\u017estv\u00ed tepla, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed b\u00fdt odvedeno v kondenz\u00e1toru. Ztr\u00e1ty podobn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m v turb\u00edn\u011b vznikaj\u00ed i v \u010derpadle, kde rovn\u011b\u017e vlivem n\u00e1r\u016fstu entropie p\u0159i kompresi kapaliny vzroste pr\u00e1ce pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 pro jeho pohon. Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed nem\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty pat\u0159\u00ed tlakov\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 t\u0159en\u00edm a \u00fanikem tepla do okol\u00ed p\u0159i tom, jak pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tka prot\u00e9k\u00e1 potrub\u00edm, kotlem (parogener\u00e1torem) a kondenz\u00e1torem.<\/em>\u201c. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00edho a skute\u010dn\u00e9ho ob\u011bhu je na dal\u0161\u00edm obr\u00e1zku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Termodynamika: Skute\u010dn\u00fd Rankin-Clausi\u016fv ob\u011bh dle KOZ\u00c1K, Tom\u00e1\u0161. Bakal\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce. Termodynamika parn\u00edho cyklu jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren Brno: VUT v Brn\u011b, Fakulta strojn\u00edho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed, Energetick\u00fd \u00fastav 2013.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed termick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti (T.HOR\u00c1K) uv\u00e1d\u00ed dv\u011b mo\u017enosti: sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tlaku v kondenz\u00e1toru a zm\u011bnu tlaku a teploty p\u00e1ry. Uveden\u00e9 souvis\u00ed s cenou a kvalitou technologi\u00ed, konstrukce za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, a kvalitou a cenou paliva.\u00a0B\u011b\u017en\u00fd tlak v kondenz\u00e1torech<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0se podle ceny paliva pohybuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 2,5 kPa do 9 kPa, u jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren to je v rozmez\u00ed 8 a\u017e 9 kPa, tedy jadern\u00e9 palivo se z tohoto pohledu pova\u017euje za levn\u00e9. Tlak a teplotu p\u00e1ry vzhledem k mo\u017enostem materi\u00e1l\u016f nelze libovoln\u011b m\u011bnit.<\/p>\n

U vysoce legovan\u00fdch austenitick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f se u fosiln\u00edch blok\u016f ust\u00e1lila teplota na 550\u00b0C, tento materi\u00e1l m\u00e1 ov\u0161em \u0159adu nev\u00fdhod, jako je vysok\u00e1 cena, \u0161patn\u00e1 tepeln\u00e1 vodivost a vysok\u00e1 tepeln\u00e1 rozta\u017enost. \u201cU jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren je tlak a teplota p\u00e1ry omezena pou\u017eit\u00fdm typem reaktoru a jeho chladivem<\/strong>. Konstrukce v\u011bt\u0161iny energetick\u00fdch reaktor\u016f neumo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159eh\u0159ev p\u00e1ry, vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed pouze p\u00e1ru sytou o teplot\u011b pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se kolem\u00a0280-290\u00b0C<\/strong>\u201c<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Termodynamika: Nahrazen\u00ed Rankin-Clausiova ob\u011bhu trojic\u00ed Carnotov\u00fdch ob\u011bh\u016f <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

P\u0159i\u00a0carnotizaci<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>doch\u00e1z\u00ed k rozd\u011blen\u00ed Rankin-Clausiova ob\u011bhu do t\u0159\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed (viz obr\u00e1zek): I \u2013 oh\u0159ev stla\u010den\u00e9 vody na sytou kapalinu; II \u2013 oh\u0159ev syt\u00e9 kapaliny na sytou p\u00e1ru; III \u2013 p\u0159eh\u0159ev p\u00e1ry.<\/p>\n

\u00da\u010dinnost Carnotova ob\u011bhu z\u00e1vis\u00ed pouze na teplot\u00e1ch, mezi kter\u00fdmi pracuje. Nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost m\u00e1 oblast I. Carnotova cyklu, to se sna\u017e\u00edme zv\u00fd\u0161it\u00a0regenerac\u00ed tepla<\/em><\/strong>. \u201eRegenerac\u00ed tepla se sna\u017e\u00edme zmen\u0161it, v ide\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b odstranit, oblast I, ve kter\u00e9 p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00edme teplo pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tce p\u0159i nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed teplot\u011b, a t\u00edm sn\u00ed\u017eit vliv t\u00e9to oblasti na celkovou termickou \u00fa\u010dinnost ob\u011bhu. Regeneraci tepla prov\u00e1d\u00edme \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm odb\u011brem p\u00e1ry nej\u010dast\u011bji po expanzi ve vysokotlak\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti turb\u00edny. Po expanzi p\u00e1ry ve vysokotlak\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti turb\u00edny je \u010d\u00e1st p\u00e1ry odebr\u00e1na a p\u0159ivedena do oh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1ku (regenera\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdm\u011bn\u00edku), kde p\u00e1ra p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 teplo nap\u00e1jec\u00ed vod\u011b je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed jej\u00edm oh\u0159evem reaktorov\u00fdm teplem. Regenera\u010dn\u00ed p\u00e1ra v oh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1ku kondenzuje a vznikl\u00fd kondenz\u00e1t je sveden do kondenz\u00e1toru<\/em>.\u201c. \u201eV\u00fdsledn\u00e1 termick\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost ob\u011bhu je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, zmen\u0161en\u00edm oblasti I do\u0161lo ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed teploty, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 se p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed teplo do ob\u011bhu. Provedla se takzvan\u00e1\u00a0carnotizace ob\u011bhu<\/strong>.<\/em>\u201c\u00a08<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti oblasti III. se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159ih\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00e1ry. \u201eV jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1rn\u00e1ch je zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edh\u0159evu p\u00e1ry obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9. V jednookruhov\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny, kde pracuje turb\u00edna s radioaktivn\u00ed p\u00e1rou se p\u0159ih\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00e1ry nepou\u0163\u00edv\u00e1, nast\u00e1v\u00e1 zde probl\u00e9m s um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm p\u0159ih\u0159\u00edv\u00e1ku. Ve dvou a t\u0159\u00edokruhov\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se p\u0159\u00edh\u0159ev p\u00e1ry prov\u00e1d\u00ed n\u011bkolika zp\u016fsoby. U plynem a tekut\u00fdm kovem chlazen\u00fdch reaktor\u016f se prov\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edh\u0159ev prim\u00e1rn\u00edm chladivem ve zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm v\u00fdm\u011bn\u00edku nebo v parogener\u00e1toru zabudovan\u00e9m p\u0159ih\u0159\u00edv\u00e1ku. U reaktor\u016f typu PWR se prov\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159ih\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00e1ry zejm\u00e9na vstupn\u00ed p\u00e1rou do turb\u00edny, nebo odb\u011brovou p\u00e1rou z turb\u00edny. P\u0159i tomto zp\u016fsobu p\u0159\u00edh\u0159evu ale p\u00e1ru nelze p\u0159ih\u0159\u00e1t na teplotu vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e je teplota sytosti odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed tlaku vstupn\u00ed p\u00e1ry. S p\u0159\u00edh\u0159evem p\u00e1ry se v\u011bt\u0161inou z\u00e1rove\u0148 prov\u00e1d\u00ed i separace p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e9 vlhkosti v separ\u00e1toru. Hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem pro\u010d je p\u0159\u00edh\u0159ev syt\u00e9 p\u00e1ry prov\u00e1d\u011bn z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na nutnost zajistit suchost p\u00e1ry po expanzi.<\/em>\u201c\u00a09<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed reaktor s aktivn\u00ed z\u00f3nou, ve kter\u00e9 prob\u00edh\u00e1 \u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 \u0161t\u011bpn\u00e1 \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e1 reakce. \u0160t\u011bpen\u00ed v cel\u00e9m objemu paliva palivo zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 a jadern\u00e1 energie v n\u011bm v\u00e1zan\u00e1 se m\u011bn\u00ed na energii tepelnou. V\u00fdroba elektrick\u00e9 energie potom prob\u00edh\u00e1\u00a0pomoc\u00ed Rankin-Clausiova ob\u011bhu<\/em><\/strong>, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b pou\u017eit\u00edm\u00a0Braytonova ob\u011bhu u reaktor\u016f chlazen\u00fdch plynem<\/em><\/strong>. Tepeln\u00fd v\u00fdkon aktivn\u00ed z\u00f3ny je limitov\u00e1n p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm tepeln\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem, kter\u00fd jsme schopni z aktivn\u00ed z\u00f3ny reaktoru odv\u00e9st (nen\u00ed teoreticky limitov\u00e1n neuronov\u00fdm tokem). Z hlediska termodynamiky je nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed proveden\u00ed reaktoru, uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a chlazen\u00ed jeho aktivn\u00ed z\u00f3ny, druh a parametry chladiva, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b celkov\u00e1 koncepce jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny, viz dal\u0161\u00ed obr\u00e1zek.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Provozn\u00ed sch\u00e9ma jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny dle KOZ\u00c1K, Tom\u00e1\u0161. Bakal\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce. Termodynamika parn\u00edho cyklu jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren Brno: VUT v Brn\u011b, Fakulta strojn\u00edho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed, Energetick\u00fd \u00fastav 2013.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\u201eZejm\u00e9na z d\u016fvodu mo\u017en\u00e9ho \u00faniku radioaktivity<\/em><\/strong>, nebo kv\u016fli specifick\u00e9 konstrukci reaktoru, nelze p\u0159\u00edmo teplo vyv\u00edjen\u00e9 v aktivn\u00ed z\u00f3n\u011b pou\u017e\u00edt k v\u00fdrob\u011b p\u00e1ry nebo oh\u0159evu plynu a pohonu parn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b plynov\u00e9 turb\u00edny.\u00a0Je nutn\u00e9 konstruk\u010dn\u011b odd\u011blit za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a provozn\u00ed celky<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edmo ve styku s radioaktivitou nebo j\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt zasa\u017eeny, a za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se do styku s radioaktivitou dostat nesm\u00ed. Proto je uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren vesm\u011bs v\u00edce okruhov\u00e9, uzav\u0159en\u00fd prim\u00e1rn\u00ed okruh s radioaktivn\u00edm chladivem v\u011bt\u0161inou pouze odv\u00e1d\u00ed teplo z reaktoru a p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 ho dal\u0161\u00edm tepeln\u00fdm okruh\u016fm. Jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny lze rozd\u011blit do t\u0159\u00ed skupin \u2013 jednookruhov\u00e9, dvouokruhov\u00e9 a t\u0159\u00ed okruhov\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny.<\/em>\u201c.<\/p>\n

Kv\u016fli v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdm skute\u010dnostem pr\u00e1ce d\u00e1le popisuje jednotliv\u00e9 typy reaktor\u016f a technick\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed okruh\u016f. Dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdsledkem pr\u00e1ce je popis programu na vykreslen\u00ed a v\u00fdpo\u010det Rankin-Clausiova ob\u011bhu v programu MATLAB.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011brem je konstatov\u00e1n\u00ed a zamy\u0161len\u00ed nad energetick\u00fdmi trendy a postoji n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00ed k jadern\u00e9 energetice a sou\u010dasn\u00e9 efektivnosti nahrazov\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00e1dra obnoviteln\u00fdmi zdroji. Autor p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed mo\u017enost a uplatnitelnost pou\u017eit\u00ed men\u0161\u00edch jadern\u00fdch reaktor\u016f pro jednotliv\u00e9 technologick\u00e9 celky \u010di z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed el. energi\u00ed men\u0161\u00edch obytn\u00fdch celk\u016f, m\u011bst. Jak ji\u017e bylo \u0159e\u010deno, pr\u00e1ce se p\u0159\u00edmo nezam\u011b\u0159uje extr\u00e9mn\u00ed jevy, kter\u00e9 mohou v jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1rn\u00e1ch vlivem okoln\u00edch i vnit\u0159n\u00edch poruch nastat, ale vzhledem k ucelen\u00e9mu pohledu k technologi\u00edm a vyu\u017eit\u00edm termodynamiky lze pozorovat, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pracuje s vysok\u00fdmi termodynamick\u00fdmi parametry a bezpe\u010dnost provozu vzhledem k uvnit\u0159 prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edm termodynamick\u00fdm d\u011bj\u016fm je velmi citliv\u00e1 na kvalitu materi\u00e1l\u016f, technologick\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a organizaci v\u00fdstavby, provozu aj.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1v\u011br pro ilustraci d\u016fle\u017eitosti termodynamiky v jadern\u00e9 energetice bezpe\u010dnosti m\u016f\u017eeme doporu\u010dit n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed videa:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Termodynamika a bezpe\u010dnost (2) Technologick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b jsou bu\u010f zalo\u017eeny anebo jsou ve velk\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e ovlivn\u011bny termodynamick\u00fdmi z\u00e1kony […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":347,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[184],"tags":[95,105,151,153],"class_list":["post-1065","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fyzika-a-bezpecnost","tag-bezpecnost","tag-fyzika","tag-technologie","tag-termodynamika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1065","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1065"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1065\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3772,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1065\/revisions\/3772"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/347"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1065"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1065"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1065"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}