{"id":1444,"date":"2024-09-10T14:52:10","date_gmt":"2024-09-10T12:52:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.kint.cz\/?p=1444"},"modified":"2025-06-04T18:28:10","modified_gmt":"2025-06-04T16:28:10","slug":"fyzika-atmosfery-meteorologie-a-bezpecnost-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/sk\/fyzika-atmosfery-meteorologie-a-bezpecnost-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Fyzika atmosf\u00e9ry, meteorologie a bezpe\u010dnost (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Fyzika atmosf\u00e9ry, meteorologie a bezpe\u010dnost<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Fyzika atmosf\u00e9ry popisuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm meteorologie, tj. v\u011bda o zemsk\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9\u0159e, jej\u00edm slo\u017een\u00ed, vlastnostech, jevech a d\u011bj\u00edch prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch v n\u00ed. Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch poznatk\u016f a metod \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, ozna\u010dov\u00e1na jako fyzika atmosf\u00e9ry<\/em>. Dle zdroje se v\u011bdn\u00ed obor metrologie d\u011bl\u00ed dle zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na:<\/p>

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 dynamickou \u2013 formuluje a matematicky \u0159e\u0161\u00ed vztahy a rovnice popisuj\u00edc\u00ed statiku, dynamiku a termodynamiku atmosf\u00e9ry, c\u00edlem je objektivn\u00ed, fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b podlo\u017een\u00e1 p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f po\u010das\u00ed,<\/p>

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 synoptickou \u2013 analyzuje a studuje atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 jevy v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka; anal\u00fdza a p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f po\u010das\u00ed,<\/p>

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 fyzika oblak\u016f a sr\u00e1\u017eek, nauka o z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e, optick\u00fdch, elektrick\u00fdch a akustick\u00fdch jevech v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e; uplat\u0148uje metody experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed fyziky,<\/p>

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 dru\u017eicov\u00e1 \u2013 z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat z kosmick\u00e9ho prostoru,<\/p>

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 radarov\u00e1 \u2013 vyu\u017eit\u00ed radiofon v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e k lokaci a posouzen\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f.<\/p>

Pro \u00fa\u010dely\u00a0bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch obor\u016f<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0je zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed meteorologie, spole\u010dn\u011b s n\u011bkter\u00fdmi oblastmi aplikovan\u00e9 meteorologie, tj. vedle biometeorologie a agrometeorologie p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm\u00a0leteck\u00e1 a n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed meteorologie<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>

Fyzika atmosf\u00e9ry tak\u00e9 souvis\u00ed s klimatologi\u00ed, tj. nauka o podneb\u00ed:\u00a0v\u011bda o klimatech Zem\u011b, o podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch a p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch jejich formov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u011bda o p\u016fsoben\u00ed klimatu na \u010dlov\u011bka, objekty lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti \u010dlov\u011bka a naopak<\/em>.<\/p>

Z hlediska fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed meteorologie se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed oblasti a ot\u00e1zky: tepeln\u00e9 jevy v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e a proud\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu, voda v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e, atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak, vznik obla\u010dnosti a sr\u00e1\u017eek.<\/p>

Pou\u017eit\u00e9 zdroje:<\/p>

Klima skripta.\u00a0Gis\u00e1ci na UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATIKA A ROMANTIKA<\/em>\u00a0[online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cit. 2017-09-03]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:\u00a0http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a><\/p>

NE\u010cAS, Tom\u00e1\u0161.\u00a0Fyzika v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e aneb z\u00e1klady meteorologie: Modul\u00e1rn\u00ed syst\u00e9m dal\u0161\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pedagogick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f JmK v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd\u00e1ch a informatice CZ.1.07\/1.3.10\/02.0024<\/em>. Brno: P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e1 fakulta, Masarykova univerzita v Brn\u011b, 2011.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00dapln\u00fd klimatick\u00fd syst\u00e9m (UKS)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Atmosf\u00e9ra je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u00dapln\u00e9ho klimatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z 5 ti prvk\u016f:\u00a0Atmosf\u00e9ra; Hydrosf\u00e9ra; Kryosf\u00e9ra; Biosf\u00e9ra; povrch pevnin<\/em><\/strong>. Kde v\u0161echny prvky krom\u011b atmosf\u00e9ry tvo\u0159\u00ed tzv.\u00a0aktivn\u00ed povrch, tj.: ta \u010d\u00e1st krajinn\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry, na kter\u00e9 doch\u00e1z\u00ed k odrazu z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a kde sou\u010dasn\u011b prob\u00edh\u00e1 p\u0159em\u011bna radia\u010dn\u00ed energie kr\u00e1tkovlnn\u00e9ho slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed na energii tepelnou<\/em>.<\/p>

Okam\u017eit\u00fd stav \u00fapln\u00e9ho klimatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu naz\u00fdv\u00e1me\u00a0po\u010das\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>. Statistick\u00fd soubor v\u0161ech stav\u016f, jimi\u017e proch\u00e1z\u00ed \u00fapln\u00fd klimatick\u00fd syst\u00e9m b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika desetilet\u00ed dle naz\u00fdv\u00e1me\u00a0klima<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Meteorologick\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pro z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdch dat slou\u017e\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 stanice a observato\u0159e. Hlavn\u00ed \u010dinnost\u00ed stanic je m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdch i jin\u00fdch jev\u016f. Tj dle zdroje1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>

Klima skripta.\u00a0<\/span>Gis\u00e1ci na UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATIKA A ROMANTIKA<\/em>\u00a0[online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cit. 2017-09-03]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:\u00a0<\/span>http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a><\/p>

:<\/span><\/p>

M\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 prvky<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 teplota, vlhkost, tlak vzduchu, sm\u011br a rychlost v\u011btru, \u00fahrn sr\u00e1\u017eek, v\u00fd\u0161ka sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky, doba trv\u00e1n\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00edho svitu, p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed teplota v 5 cm, p\u0159\u00edkon fotonov\u00e9ho d\u00e1vkov\u00e9ho ekvivalentu<\/em>.<\/p>

Pozorovan\u00e9 prvky\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u2013 vodorovn\u00e1 dohlednost, pokryt\u00ed oblohy obla\u010dnost\u00ed, charakteristiky obla\u010dnosti (mno\u017estv\u00ed, druh, v\u00fd\u0161ka spodn\u00ed z\u00e1kladny), stav a pr\u016fb\u011bh po\u010das\u00ed,\u00a0nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 jevy a n\u00e1hl\u00e9 zm\u011bny po\u010das\u00ed\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>

Nadstandardn\u00ed \u010dinnosti<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 v\u00fdpar vody z vodn\u00ed hladiny, teplota p\u016fdy v hloubk\u00e1ch 5,10,20,50,100 cm, monitoring slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, monitoring \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed (SO2<\/sub>\u00a0, NOx<\/sub>\u00a0, pol\u00e9tav\u00fd prach, p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed oz\u00f3n), fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed bolid\u016f (velmi jasn\u00fd meteor) pro AV\u010cR<\/em>.<\/p>

Observato\u0159e Dukovany a Temel\u00edn pln\u00ed krom\u011b norm\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f tak\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 zabezpe\u010den\u00ed provozu jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>

Distan\u010dn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou v meteorologii nepostradateln\u00fdm dopl\u0148kem pozemn\u00edch. \u0158ad\u00edme mezi n\u011b radarov\u00e1, aerologick\u00e1 a dru\u017eicov\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, dle zdroje2\u00a0<\/a><\/sup><\/p>

Klima skripta.\u00a0<\/span>Gis\u00e1ci na UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATIKA A ROMANTIKA<\/em>\u00a0[online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cit. 2017-09-03]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:\u00a0<\/span>http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a>:<\/p>

radarov\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0(digit\u00e1ln\u00ed i analogov\u00e1) \u2013 zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00ed okam\u017eit\u00fdch intenzit atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek;<\/p>

aerologick\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0(bal\u00f3ny, letadla, radiosondy, oz\u00f3nodr\u00e1\u017en\u00ed sondy, nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 aerologie ze zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu) \u2013 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch vrstev atmosf\u00e9ry \u2013 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty vzduchu, atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak, vlhkost vzduchu, sm\u011br a rychlost v\u011btru,\u00a0 v\u00fdzkumu oz\u00f3nu v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e, sledov\u00e1n\u00ed radioaktivity a m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm n\u011bkter\u00fdch slo\u017eek dlouhovlnn\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed;<\/p>

dru\u017eicov\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0(automatick\u00e9 resp. um\u011bl\u00e9, pilotovan\u00e9, orbit\u00e1ln\u00ed kosmick\u00e9 stanice) \u2013 synoptick\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, p\u0159edpov\u011bdi po\u010das\u00ed, studium obla\u010dnosti, odhady rychlosti v\u011btru, v\u00fdzkum tropick\u00fdch cykl\u00f3n, p\u0159edpov\u011bdi v\u00fdskyt\u016f hurik\u00e1n\u016f a tajfun\u016f; dru\u017eicov\u00e1 klimatologie se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 tak\u00e9 anom\u00e1liemi geofyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho pole, anom\u00e1liemi v toku dlouhovlnn\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed klimatick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, mapy glob.<\/p>

Povrchov\u00e9 teploty, mapy pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch teplot mezi dnem a noc\u00ed, mapy pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch, hodnot vodn\u00edch par v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Zemsk\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Atmosf\u00e9ra je plynn\u00fd obal Zem\u011b, tj. sm\u011bs plyn\u016f, kter\u00e9 navz\u00e1jem nereaguj\u00ed, naz\u00fdv\u00e1me jej vzduch.\u00a0Zemsk\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ra vznikla odply\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm l\u00e1vy, kter\u00e1 vytvo\u0159ila zemskou k\u016fru. L\u00e1va za ur\u010dit\u00fdch podm\u00ednek obsahuje 7-8% vodn\u00edch par, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159i vyt\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e1vy na povrch uvol\u0148ovaly do atmosf\u00e9ry. Vulkanick\u00e9 plyny obsahuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 CO2<\/sub>, SO2<\/sub>, Cl2<\/sub>, CH4<\/sub>, NH3<\/sub>, H2<\/sub>S, H2<\/sub>\u00a0aj<\/em>.<\/p>

Atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 aerosoly<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0aerosoly \u2013 rozptyl tuh\u00fdch l\u00e1tek nebo kapalin o velikosti \u010d\u00e1stic 10\u00a0-6\u00a0<\/sup>\u2013 10\u00a0-2\u00a0<\/sup>\u03bcm v plynech. V\u0161echny kapaln\u00e9 a pevn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e jsou aerosoly. P\u016fsob\u00ed jako kondenza\u010dn\u00ed nebo krystaliza\u010dn\u00ed j\u00e1dra. Cca 10 % aerosol\u016f m\u00e1 antropogenn\u00ed p\u016fvod, zbytek p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed. Mal\u00e9 aerosoly odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed cca 90 % slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a t\u00edm zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed ochlazen\u00ed zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu<\/em>.<\/p>

Atmosf\u00e9ra se \u010dlen\u00ed podle r\u016fzn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed: termodynamick\u00fdch, chemick\u00fdch nebo kinematick\u00fdch proces\u016f, chemick\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry dle teplot<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry dle teplot, viz tak\u00e9 obr\u00e1zek:<\/p>

Troposf\u00e9ra<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st zemsk\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9ry, bezprost\u0159edn\u011b p\u0159il\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00ed k zemsk\u00e9mu povrchu; troposf\u00e9ra podl\u00e9h\u00e1 vliv\u016fm zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu; tvo\u0159\u00ed a\u017e 75 % hmotnosti atmosf\u00e9ry; troposf\u00e9ru odd\u011bluje od vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vrstvy tropopauza, pod n\u00ed je tzv. p\u00e1s tryskov\u00e9ho proud\u011bn\u00ed \u2013 a\u017e 300 km\/h (d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro zabezpe\u010den\u00ed letectv\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>); bezprost\u0159edn\u011b p\u0159il\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00ed vrstva troposf\u00e9ry k zemsk\u00e9mu povrchu je p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed vrstva; d\u00e1le se d\u011bl\u00ed na dal\u0161\u00ed 3 vrstvy \u2013 lamin\u00e1rn\u00ed (nad aerodynamick\u00fdmi hladk\u00fdmi p\u0159edm\u011bty jako vodn\u00ed hladina, sn\u011bhov\u00e1 pokr\u00fdvka), p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed mezivrstva a vrstva (Prandltova) Ekmanova spir\u00e1lov\u00e1 vrstva\u00a0 \u2013 pohyb turbulenc\u00ed,<\/p>

Stratosf\u00e9ra<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 do v\u00fd\u0161ky 55 km, ve spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti (20-25 km), t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 izotermie, od 25 km teplota vzr\u016fst\u00e1 vlivem pohlcov\u00e1n\u00ed UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed; maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed teplota je cca 0\u00b0C; vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry ve stratosf\u00e9\u0159e tvo\u0159\u00ed perle\u0165ov\u00e1 oblaka; kon\u010d\u00ed stratopauzou,<\/p>

Mezosf\u00e9ra \u2013\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>50-85 km horn\u00ed hranice, teplota od 0\u00b0 do \u201390\u00b0 (l\u00e9to) a \u201350\u00b0C (zima), st\u0159\u00edb\u0159it\u00e1 oblaka (kosmick\u00fd a vulkanick\u00fd prach a ledov\u00e9 krystalky), mezopauza, termosf\u00e9ra,<\/em><\/p>

Termosf\u00e9ra<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 od 80-90 do 450 km, rychl\u00fd vzestup teplot, 200km = 500\u00b0C, 600km=1500\u00b0C, zde se tak\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pol\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159e \u2013 vtahov\u00e1n\u00ed korpuskul\u00e1rn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed Slunce do magnetick\u00e9ho pole Zem\u011b.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry (NE\u010cAS, Tom\u00e1\u0161. Fyzika v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e aneb z\u00e1klady meteorologie: Modul\u00e1rn\u00ed syst\u00e9m dal\u0161\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pedagogick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f JmK v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd\u00e1ch a informatice CZ.1.07\/1.3.10\/02.0024. Brno: P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e1 fakulta, Masarykova univerzita v Brn\u011b, 2011.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry dle dal\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed podle fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b chemick\u00fdch proces\u016f dle zdroje4 Klima skripta. Gis\u00e1ci na UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATIKA A ROMANTIKA<\/em>\u00a0[online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cit. 2017-09-03]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:\u00a0<\/a>http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skrip<\/a><\/sup><\/p>

:<\/p>

Neutrosf\u00e9ra<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 do 60-70 km, koncentrace iont\u016f je tak mal\u00e1, \u017ee na n\u011b nep\u016fsob\u00ed odraz radiov\u00fdch vln, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nenabit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice,<\/p>

Ionosf\u00e9ra<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 od 60 do 500 km, plyny jsou d\u00edky vysok\u00e9 koncentraci iont\u016f velmi vodiv\u00e9, ob\u010das ovliv\u0148uje radiov\u00e9 spojen\u00ed,<\/p>

Chemosf\u00e9ra<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 realizuj\u00ed se zde fotochemick\u00e9 reakce molekul O2<\/sub>\u00a0, O3<\/sub>\u00a0, N2<\/sub>,<\/p>

Vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed podle charakteru kinetick\u00fdch proces\u016f:<\/p>

Exosf\u00e9ra<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ra, 500 \u2013 700 km, n\u00edzk\u00e1 hustota vzduchu a vysok\u00e1 kinetick\u00e1 energie, \u010d\u00e1stice zde mohou opou\u0161t\u011bt atmosf\u00e9ru (sf\u00e9ra rozptylu). Kolem Z d\u00e1le\u00a02 p\u00e1sy z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 radia\u010dn\u00ed p\u00e1sy.<\/p>

Vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed podle chemick\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed:<\/p>

Homosf\u00e9ra\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u2013 do 90 km, nem\u011bn\u00ed se objemov\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed plyn\u016f sm\u011bsi, vliv intenzivn\u00edho turbulentn\u00edho prom\u00edch\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vzduchu, tato vrstva ovliv\u0148uje tepelnou bilanci Zem\u011b,<\/p>

Heterosf\u00e9ra<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 nad 90 km, prom\u00edch\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed slab\u00e9, p\u0159irozen\u011b ub\u00fdv\u00e1 t\u011bch plyn\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vzduch; ve v\u00fd\u0161ce n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc km p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 atom\u00e1rn\u00ed vod\u00edk; prob\u00edh\u00e1 zde fotodisociace molekul plyn\u016f a d\u00edky pohlcov\u00e1n\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed energie je teplota v heterosf\u00e9\u0159e n\u011bkolik set \u00b0C.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Tepeln\u00e9 jevy v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e a slune\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Zp\u016fsoby tepeln\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny dle zdroje5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>

NE\u010cAS, Tom\u00e1\u0161.\u00a0Fyzika v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e aneb z\u00e1klady meteorologie: Modul\u00e1rn\u00ed syst\u00e9m dal\u0161\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pedagogick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f JmK v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd\u00e1ch a informatice CZ.1.07\/1.3.10\/02.0024<\/em>. Brno: P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e1 fakulta, Masarykova univerzita v Brn\u011b, 2011.<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 atmosf\u00e9ra se oh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm ze Slunce \u2013 sol\u00e1rn\u00ed konstanta cca 1360 W\/m\u00a02<\/sup>,<\/p>

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 atmosf\u00e9ra chladne z\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm do Vesm\u00edru,<\/p>

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 oh\u0159ev Zem\u011b je nerovnom\u011brn\u00fd \u2013 z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na \u00fahlu dopadu z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, dob\u011b oslun\u011bn\u00ed, slo\u017een\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry, albedu (odra\u017een\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed),<\/p>

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 proud\u011bn\u00ed vody a vzduchu rozv\u00e1d\u00ed, tepelnou energii po cel\u00e9 Zemi,<\/p>

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 tepeln\u00e1 kapacita vody.<\/p>

Slune\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed (radiace) je\u00a0elektromagnetick\u00e9<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0(d\u00e1le jen EM)\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>. V sou\u010dasnosti je to\u00a0jedin\u00fd zdroj tepla a sv\u011btla<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0a tak\u00e9 jedin\u00fd zdroj energie pro planet\u00e1rn\u00ed geosyst\u00e9m a pro UKS. Dal\u0161\u00ed zdroje jsou bezv\u00fdznamn\u00e9. Zdrojem je H p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bn\u00fd na He p\u0159i termonukle\u00e1rn\u00edch reakc\u00edch na Slunci.\u00a0 \u0160\u00ed\u0159\u00ed ve form\u011b el. a magnet. vln (3*10\u00a08<\/sup>\u00a0m.s\u00a0-1<\/sup>\u00a0). Vlnov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka10-14<\/sup>\u00a0\u2013 10-2<\/sup>\u00a0m.<\/p>

Korpuskul\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>\u00a06<\/a><\/sup>\u2013\u00a0proud elektricky nabit\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic hmoty (elektrony, protony, neutrony,\u2026), p\u0159\u00edkladem je nap\u0159. slune\u010dn\u00ed v\u00edtr (spojit\u00e9 vyt\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed plazmy z oblasti slune\u010dn\u00ed kor\u00f3ny). Velikost z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed je ve W.m\u00a0-2<\/sup>\u00a0. Intenzita je Wh, nebo kWh. 1 Wh=3,6*10\u00a03<\/sup>\u00a0J.<\/em><\/p>

Celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dopadne v cel\u00e9m spektru na horn\u00ed hranici atmosf\u00e9ry je tzv. sol\u00e1rn\u00ed (slune\u010dn\u00ed) konstanta = 1373 +\/-20 W.m\u00a0-2<\/sup>\u00a0. Svazek slune\u010dn\u00edch paprsk\u016f, bereme vzhledem ke vzd\u00e1lenosti S-Z jako rovnob\u011b\u017en\u00fd. Mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed dopadaj\u00edc\u00edho na jednotkovou vodorovnou, nebo uklon\u011bnou plochu za jednotku \u010dasu ozna\u010dujeme jako insolace.<\/em><\/p>

Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed insolace je na kolm\u00e9 plo\u0161e. Insolace na horn\u00ed hranici atmosf\u00e9ry je extraterestri\u00e1ln\u00ed insolace. Ro\u010dn\u00ed re\u017eim nepravideln\u00e9 extraterestri\u00e1ln\u00ed insolace je sol\u00e1rn\u00ed klima. Mno\u017estv\u00ed dopadaj\u00edc\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na z.\u0161. Spektrum: UV, VIS, IR, MW. 99 % je v 0,1- 4,0 \u03bcm. V\u00edce ne\u017e 4 \u03bcm je dlouhovlnn\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. UV oko nevn\u00edm\u00e1, je to m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 0,400 \u03bcm, p\u0159ed vstupem do atmosf\u00e9ry je to 6,7 %, je pohlcovan\u00e9 oz\u00f3nem a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nic se nedostane k povrchu. VIS \u2013 0,400-0,730 \u03bcm, 46,8 %, od fialov\u00e9 po \u010dervenou. 0,4738 modrozelen\u00e9 sv\u011btlo m\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed intenzitu. IR \u2013 0,730 \u2013 1000 \u03bcm, 46,5 %<\/em>.<\/p>

Druhy z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 slune\u010dn\u00e9 (insolace), rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 (dif\u00fazn\u00ed), glob\u00e1ln\u00ed (p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 + dif\u00fazn\u00ed), odra\u017een\u00e9 (albedo), zp\u011btn\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry a vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed Zem\u011b (tepeln\u00e9).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Voda v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Vlhkost vzduchu pat\u0159\u00ed mezi z\u00e1kladn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 prvky a vyjad\u0159uje mno\u017estv\u00ed vodn\u00edch par ve vzduchu. Charakteristiky vlhkosti vzduchu se daj\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159it jako 2D (zem\u011bpisn\u00e9 sou\u0159adnice) i 3D (zem\u011bpisn\u00e9 sou\u0159adnice a zvolen\u00fd vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159ez). Pokud vlhkost vzduchu roste s v\u00fd\u0161kou jde o vlhkostn\u00ed inverzi.<\/p>

Charakteristiky:<\/p>

Nap\u011bt\u00ed (tlak) vodn\u00edch par<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 vyjad\u0159uje parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry ve sm\u011bsi se such\u00fdm vzduchem. Ud\u00e1v\u00e1 se v hPa (15-20), je-li vzduch nasycen\u00fd nahrazuje tuto hodnotu nap\u011bt\u00ed nasycen\u00ed.<\/p>

Absolutn\u00ed vlhkost vzduchu a \u2013<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed vodn\u00edch par v jednotce objemu vzduchu. g.m\u00a0-3<\/sup>.<\/p>

Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed absolutn\u00ed vlhkost A\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u2013\u00a0<\/em>je maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hmotnost vodn\u00edch par, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee vzduch obsahovat za dan\u00e9 teploty. Je-li max. mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010deno, doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke kondenzaci.<\/p>

Pom\u011brn\u00e1 (relativn\u00ed) vlhkost vzduchu r<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 pom\u011br skute\u010dn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed vodn\u00edch par k maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed absolutn\u00ed vlhkosti A (tj. maxim\u00e1ln\u00edmu nasycen\u00ed), r = a\/A, ud\u00e1v\u00e1 se v % objemu.<\/p>

Sytostn\u00ed dopln\u011bk<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 deficit vlhkosti \u2013 rozd\u00edl mezi maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm tlakem a skute\u010dn\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm vodn\u00edch par.<\/p>

Specifick\u00e1 (m\u011brn\u00e1) vlhkost vzduchu<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 pom\u011br hmotnosti vodn\u00edch par k celkov\u00e9 hmotnosti vlhk\u00e9ho vzduchu ve stejn\u00e9m objemu. Bezrozm\u011brn\u00e1 veli\u010dina.<\/p>

Pom\u011br sm\u011bsi<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 pom\u011br hmotnosti vodn\u00edch par k celkov\u00e9 hmotnosti vlhk\u00e9ho vzduchu, bezrozm\u011brn\u00e1.<\/p>

Rosn\u00fd bod<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 teploty, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 by vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se ve vzduchu, se mohly nasytit, m\u016f\u017ee k tomu doj\u00edt tak\u00e9 p\u0159i adiabatick\u00e9m ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed = bez dod\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch par. P\u0159i poklesu pod rosn\u00fd bod doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke kondenzaci \u2013 rosa, mlha. P\u0159i vlhkosti pod 100 % je v\u017edy ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e teplota vzduchu, ud\u00e1v\u00e1 se ve \u00b0C.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Z\u00e1vislost vlhkosti (obsahu vody) nasycen\u00e9ho vzduchu na teplot\u011b dle zdroje<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Tlak vzduchu se projevuje na v\u0161ech m\u00edstech zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu, ve v\u0161ech sm\u011brech stejn\u011b. Vzduch (atmosf\u00e9ra) m\u00e1 svoji hmotnost a tou p\u016fsob\u00ed na zemsk\u00fd povrch \u2013 tlak. Tlak je s\u00edla p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed v dan\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b atmosf\u00e9ry kolmo na libovoln\u011b orientovanou plochu.<\/em>\u00a0Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd tlak p\u0159i hladin\u011b mo\u0159e a teplot\u011b 15\u00b0C je 1013,27 hPa. S v\u00fd\u0161kou se m\u011bn\u00ed tlak \u2013 1hPa\/8 m (dle zdroje8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>

Klima skripta.\u00a0Gis\u00e1ci na UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATIKA A ROMANTIKA<\/em>\u00a0[online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cit. 2017-09-03]. Dostupn\u00e9 z:\u00a0<\/a>http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skri<\/a><\/sup><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Stavov\u00e1 rovnice plyn\u016f<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0[17] \u2013 p \u00d7 v = r \u00d7 T , kde p=tlak, v=specifick\u00fd objem, T=absolutn\u00ed teplota, r=plynov\u00e1 konstanta a z\u00e1vis\u00ed na povaze plynu (287 m\u00a02<\/sup>\u00a0s\u00a0-2<\/sup>\u00a0K\u00a0-1<\/sup>\u00a0). Hustota vzduchu je p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na tlaku a nep\u0159\u00edmo na jeho teplot\u011b.<\/p>

Tlakov\u00e9 pole<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 barick\u00e9 pole \u2013 horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00ed tlaku vzduchu je d\u016fsledek variability slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed dopadaj\u00edc\u00edho na zemsk\u00fd povrch a ur\u010duje re\u017eim v\u011btru. Rozlo\u017een\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho tlaku se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 barick\u00e9 pole, oblasti stejn\u00e9ho tlaku jsou spojeny izobarami.<\/p>

Mapy izobarick\u00e9 topografie<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 zachycuj\u00ed neust\u00e1le se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed polohu izobarick\u00fdch ploch.<\/p>

Mapa absolutn\u00ed barick\u00e9 topografie\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u2013 do mapy vyn\u00e1\u0161\u00edme v\u00fd\u0161ky izobarick\u00fdch ploch nad hladinou mo\u0159e. Pokud \u0159ad\u00edme jen vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed izobarick\u00e9 plochy nad ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u2013 mapa relativn\u00ed barick\u00e9 topografie.<\/p>

Horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00ed tlaku dle zdroje9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>

NE\u010cAS, Tom\u00e1\u0161.\u00a0<\/span>Fyzika v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e aneb z\u00e1klady meteorologie: Modul\u00e1rn\u00ed syst\u00e9m dal\u0161\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pedagogick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f JmK v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd\u00e1ch a informatice CZ.1.07\/1.3.10\/02.0024<\/em>. Brno: P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e1 fakulta, Masarykova univerzita v Brn\u011b, 2011.<\/span>:<\/p>

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 tlak nen\u00ed v\u0161ude stejn\u00fd ani po p\u0159epo\u010dten\u00ed na hladinu mo\u0159e (87kPa \u2013 109kPa),<\/em><\/p>

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 vznik\u00e1 tlakov\u00fd gradient, proud\u011bn\u00ed,<\/em><\/p>

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0 tlakov\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e (anticykl\u00f3na) a tlakov\u00e1 n\u00ed\u017ee (cykl\u00f3na)<\/em>, viz obr\u00e1zek.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed tlakov\u00e9 \u00fatvary<\/u><\/em><\/strong> dle zdroje10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>

Klima skripta. <\/span>Gis\u00e1ci na UPOL: GIS GEOINFORMATIKA A ROMANTIKA<\/em> [online]. Olomouc: MarijaStudio, 2007 [cit. 2017-09-03]. Dostupn\u00e9 z: <\/span>http:\/\/www.gisaci.upol.cz\/filesftp\/Klima_skripta.pdf<\/a>:<\/span><\/p>

 <\/span>tlakov\u00e9 pole je tvo\u0159eno oblastmi vysok\u00e9ho a n\u00edzk\u00e9ho tlaku vzduchu.<\/em><\/p>\n

Cyklona<\/strong> \u2013 TN \u2013 uzav\u0159en\u00e9 izobary, ve st\u0159edu je nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed tlak.<\/em><\/p>\n

Anticyklona<\/strong> \u2013 TV \u2013 uzav\u0159en\u00e9 izobary, uprost\u0159ed je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed tlak.<\/em><\/p>\n

Br\u00e1zda n\u00edzk\u00e9ho tlaku<\/strong> \u2013 tvar p\u00edsmene V, osa je m\u00edstem s nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edm tlakem, mezi dv\u011bma TV. H\u0159eben vysok\u00e9ho tlaku \u2013 tvar U, h\u0159bet je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed tlak.<\/em><\/p>\n

Barick\u00e9 sedlo<\/strong> \u2013 oblast v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e, mezi dv\u011bma TV, nebo TN, neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed bod.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u010casov\u00e9 zm\u011bny tlaku vzduchu<\/u> <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 neperiodick\u00fd charakter, pozvoln\u00e9 (max. 20-30 hPa\/den).<\/em><\/p>\n

Denn\u00ed chod tlaku <\/strong>\u2013 dvojit\u00fd chod \u2013 maximum p\u0159ed polednem a p\u0159ed p\u016flnoc\u00ed, min. Brzy r\u00e1no a po poledni. Amplituda kol\u00eds\u00e1 3-4 hPa. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinami je denn\u00ed chod teplot aktivn\u00edho povrchu, denn\u00ed kmity atmosf\u00e9ry a slapov\u00e9 pohyby atmosf\u00e9ry. Max. 1083,3 hPa na Sibi\u0159i, min. 870,0 hPa oko tajfunu.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ro\u010dn\u00ed chod tlaku vzduchu<\/strong> \u2013 souvis\u00ed se sez\u00f3nn\u00edm pohybem tlakov\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f a s tlakov\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami stacion\u00e1rn\u00edch tlakov\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f. Pevninsk\u00fd typ \u2013 max. zima, min. l\u00e9to. Oce\u00e1nsk\u00fd \u2013 max. za\u010d\u00e1tek l\u00e9ta, min. zima. Monzunov\u00fd \u2013 zimn\u00ed max., letn\u00ed min.<\/em><\/p>\n

Zon\u00e1lnost v rozlo\u017een\u00ed tlaku vzduchu<\/strong> \u2013 rovn\u00edkov\u00fd p\u00e1s NT, subtropy VT, subpol\u00e1rn\u00ed NT, pol\u00e1rn\u00ed VT. \u201eZ\u00e1konitosti zon\u00e1ln\u00edho rozlo\u017een\u00ed tlaku vzduchu jsou rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed pro charakter v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 cirkulace atmosf\u00e9ry.\u201c.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nku zde: Fyzika Atmosf\u00e9ry (2) (kint.cz)<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fyzika atmosf\u00e9ry, meteorologie a bezpe\u010dnost Fyzika atmosf\u00e9ry popisuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm meteorologie, tj. v\u011bda o zemsk\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9\u0159e, jej\u00edm slo\u017een\u00ed, vlastnostech, jevech a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1445,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[184],"tags":[93,95,105,125],"class_list":["post-1444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fyzika-a-bezpecnost","tag-atmosfera","tag-bezpecnost","tag-fyzika","tag-meteorologie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1444","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1444"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1444\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3757,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1444\/revisions\/3757"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1445"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1444"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1444"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kint.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1444"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}